全文获取类型
收费全文 | 25157篇 |
免费 | 1654篇 |
国内免费 | 135篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 301篇 |
儿科学 | 545篇 |
妇产科学 | 474篇 |
基础医学 | 3506篇 |
口腔科学 | 647篇 |
临床医学 | 2150篇 |
内科学 | 5698篇 |
皮肤病学 | 338篇 |
神经病学 | 2404篇 |
特种医学 | 1001篇 |
外科学 | 3379篇 |
综合类 | 262篇 |
一般理论 | 48篇 |
预防医学 | 1936篇 |
眼科学 | 1158篇 |
药学 | 1594篇 |
中国医学 | 52篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1453篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 102篇 |
2022年 | 266篇 |
2021年 | 558篇 |
2020年 | 285篇 |
2019年 | 419篇 |
2018年 | 568篇 |
2017年 | 430篇 |
2016年 | 516篇 |
2015年 | 546篇 |
2014年 | 801篇 |
2013年 | 1053篇 |
2012年 | 1635篇 |
2011年 | 1680篇 |
2010年 | 986篇 |
2009年 | 909篇 |
2008年 | 1523篇 |
2007年 | 1582篇 |
2006年 | 1409篇 |
2005年 | 1462篇 |
2004年 | 1297篇 |
2003年 | 1222篇 |
2002年 | 1202篇 |
2001年 | 294篇 |
2000年 | 270篇 |
1999年 | 314篇 |
1998年 | 260篇 |
1997年 | 266篇 |
1996年 | 212篇 |
1995年 | 182篇 |
1994年 | 134篇 |
1993年 | 140篇 |
1992年 | 195篇 |
1991年 | 180篇 |
1990年 | 185篇 |
1989年 | 133篇 |
1988年 | 144篇 |
1987年 | 145篇 |
1986年 | 151篇 |
1985年 | 153篇 |
1984年 | 164篇 |
1983年 | 156篇 |
1982年 | 153篇 |
1981年 | 174篇 |
1980年 | 146篇 |
1979年 | 123篇 |
1978年 | 110篇 |
1977年 | 108篇 |
1975年 | 112篇 |
1974年 | 101篇 |
1973年 | 120篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
102.
Nitrate administration to enhance the detection of myocardial viability by technetium-99m tetrofosmin single-photon emission tomography 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Albert Flotats Ignasi Carrió Montserrat Estorch Lluís Bernà Ana M. Catafau Carina Mart Manel Ballester 《European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging》1997,24(7):767-773
A comparison was performed between technetium-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion tomography at baseline and after nitrate administration, using a 2-day protocol, and rest-reinjection thallium-201 single-photon emission tomography (SPET) studies in order to assess whether nitrates enhance the detection of viable myocardium with99mTc-tetrofosmin. Fifteen patients with coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction and a left ventricular ejection fraction <40% underwent201T1 rest-injection and99mTc-tetrofosmin. baseline-postnitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingually) SPET studies, within 48 h. Tomograms based on the three spatial planes were divided into 15 segments and regional tracer uptake was quantitatively analysed. Viability was defined as presence of tracer uptake >50% of peak activity on baseline studies or after reversibility. The percentage of peak activity of99mTc-tetrofosmin at baseline correlated with that of 201T1 (r=0.82,P <0.001). On baseline99mTc-tetrofosmin studies, 73 of the 225 segments that were analysed had <50% of peal. activity. Fifteen percent of these segments showed reversibility after nitrate administration, with an increase in99mTc-tetrofosmin uptake from 40%±9% to 57%±9% of peak activity (P=0.003). All reversible segments after nitrate administration had viability criteria on201Tl studies, but 20 segments that were non-viable on99mTc-tetrofosmin. studies were viable on201Tl studies. Using a threshold value of >40% of peak activity, only seven segments remained non-viable on99mTc-tetrofosmin studies. Overall agreement between99mTc-tetrofosmin with nitrates and201Tl-reinjection regarding the presence of myocardial viability was 90%. Detection of myocardial viability with99mTc-tetrofosmin. was enhanced after nitrate administration, correlating with viability criteria observed on thallium studies. 相似文献
103.
Maqsood Yaqub Ronald Boellaard Bart N M van Berckel Mirthe M Ponsen Mark Lubberink Albert D Windhorst Henk W Berendse Adriaan A Lammertsma 《Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism》2007,27(7):1397-1406
The purpose of this study was to compare different kinetic and semi-quantitative methods for analysing human [18F]FP-beta-CIT studies: plasma input models, simplified (SRTM) and full (FRTM) reference tissue models, standard uptake values (SUV) and SUV ratios (SUVr). Both simulations and clinical evaluations were performed to determine the effects of noise, scan duration and blood volume on Akaike model selection, and on precision and accuracy of estimated parameters. For typical noise levels (COV approximately 2.5%) and scan durations (<90 mins), simulations provided poor fits (Akaike criterion) in case of reversible plasma input models showing a relatively high number of outliers compared with the two-tissue irreversible model. Reference tissue models provided more reliable fits, which were nearly independent of noise and scan duration. For clinical data, two tissue irreversible and reversible plasma input models fitted striatum curves equally well (Akaike criterion). BP with plasma input models were less precise and contained more outliers than BP obtained with SRTM or FRTM. Among all methods tested, SRTM showed the highest contrast between patients and controls. When differentiating between patients and controls, SUVr performed almost equally well as SRTM, although contrast between striatum and background was lower. In conclusion, SRTM provided BP estimates with the highest precision and accuracy. Moreover, SRTM provided good contrast between patients and controls, and between striatum and background. SRTM is therefore the method of choice for quantitative [18F]FP-beta-CIT studies. SUVr might be an alternative for larger clinical trials. 相似文献
104.
Tarek Sadek Hakim Mazouz Hedi Bahloul Roxana Oprisiu Najeh El Esper Isabelle El Esper Francis Boitte Michel Brazier Philippe Moriniere Albert Fournier 《Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation》2003,18(3):582-588
BACKGROUND: Sevelamer hydrochloride was recently proposed as a phosphate binder to prevent hypercalcaemia in place of calcium alkaline salts in dialysis patients. So far, it has been evaluated only in patients receiving calcitriol, without comparison with CaCO(3) alone, although the latter was found to be as effective as the combination of calcitriol and Al(OH)(3) in suppressing parathyroid hormone (PTH) without inducing hypercalcaemia and to have a better lowering effect on serum phosphate. Moreover, this bile salt binder may decrease serum 25-OH vitamin D. Therefore, we compared for 5 months two strategies for controlling moderate hyperparathyroidism: CaCO(3) alone vs sevelamer in conjunction with measures to increase calcium balance. METHODS: Forty-two patients were randomized: 21 continued their treatment with 4.8 g/day CaCO(3) and 21 were switched to sevelamer (initial dose: 2.4 g/day, increased to 4.4 g/day). Each month, when serum-corrected calcium decreased below 2.30 mmol/l, dialysate calcium was increased or alphacalcidol was given at each dialysis session, according to serum PO(4) levels. The following parameters were monitored: serum Ca, PO(4), bicarbonate and protein, weekly; and serum PTH, 25-OH vitamin D and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol monthly. RESULTS: Except for higher serum phosphate at month 1, lower serum bicarbonate at month 2 and lower LDL cholesterol at month 5 in the sevelamer group, no difference was found between the two groups. Compared with baseline levels, PTH increased and 25-OH vitamin D decreased significantly in both groups, these two parameters being inversely correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Given comparable control of plasma calcium, phosphate and 25-OH vitamin D, PTH control is comparable in both strategies. Sevelamer does not induce greater vitamin D depletion than CaCO(3). The transient decrease of serum bicarbonate after discontinuation of CaCO(3) in the sevelamer group suggests a less optimal prevention of acidosis. The sevelamer-induced decrease in LDL cholesterol gives this drug a potential advantage in cardiovascular prevention. 相似文献
105.
Michel Wensing Richard Grol Josephine Asberg Pauline van Montfort Chris van Weel Albert Felling 《Quality of life research》1997,6(4):293-299
Patients' health status as well as patients' judgements of care are used for assessing patients' perspectives, but the relation between those two concepts is unclear. In this study we explored whether health status predicts patients' judgements of the quality of general practice care. Hand-distributed and mailed surveys were performed by 28 general practitioners in The Netherlands. Chronically ill patients were approached when visiting the general practice or drawn from the practice registers. Health status was measured by WONCA/COOP charts, and patients' judgements by the CEP, a previously validated questionnaire. The response rate was 63% (n=762). When controlled for other patient characteristics, a poor overall health predicted less positive judgements of medical care, information, counselling, relation and communication, continuity of care and the organization of appointments (p[lessthan]0.01). Poor mental well-being predicted less positive judgements of the cooperation between care providers and a stronger need for more care (p[lessthan]0.001). The four other aspects of health status did not predict the patients' judgements. Judgements about the premises and the availability for emergencies were not predicted by health status. It can be concluded that a multidimensional approach should be used for interpreting the relations between patients' health status and their judgements of general practice care. 相似文献
106.
E. Valic Thomas Waldhör Christoph Konnaris Albert Michitsch Christian Wolf 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,70(6):403-406
Hypothesis: Does occupational exposure to solvents in combination with alcohol intake give rise to acquired color vision defects? Method: A total of 138 individuals exposed to solvents (toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene) were examined using Lanthony’s D-15 test and compared with 100 nonexposed controls. The extent of color vision loss was quantitatively assessed based on Bowman’s color confusion index (CCI). A cumulative exposure index was calculated from the hours of exposure per day and the years of exposure. In 30 persons who were exposed to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, urinary trichloroacetic acid was assessed as a parameter of exposure. Alcohol intake was calculated as based on interviews of patients in grams of ethyl alcohol per week. Results: Individuals who consumed more than 250 g alcohol/week and were simultaneously exposed to solvents showed a significantly elevated CCI (P = 0.0044). No significant correlation emerged between trichloroacetid acid excretion in the urine or the cumulative exposure index and the CCI. Conclusion: The combination of alcohol intake and occupational exposure to solvents discloses the risk of acquired subclinical color vision defects. 相似文献
107.
Existing knowledge and present experience relating to the indications for imaging techniques in trauma surgery were summarised, screened and considered in different ways by representatives of various professional scientific bodies, with the aim of finding what procedures should be implemented as the primary examination techniques after a careful clinical examination when particular posttraumatic situations affecting the knee, foot, ankle, or hand were found. In the course of an interdisciplinary consensus conference the evidence-based recommendations prepared by a panel were discussed and modified, giving rise to statements on the suitability of the given imaging techniques in 28 different clinical situations immediately after a clinical examination, based on scientific evidence and medical consensus. The degree of consensus was measured and carefully documented. These statements were transformed into decision algorithms and presented to doctors working in accident and emergency medicine during a conference on trauma surgery, with the aim of.measuring the acceptance of the statements among those attending the trauma surgery meeting. The remarks made by the participants during the discussion and the results of the acceptance measurements clearly show the need for further discussion among experts. 相似文献
108.
Marelise E M W Eekhoff Marjolein van der Klift Herman M Kroon Cyrus Cooper Albert Hofman Huibert A P Pols Socrates E Papapoulos 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2004,19(4):566-570
Serum ALP may be a good indicator of Paget's disease in epidemiologic studies. Subjects with raised and normal ALP from a population cohort were matched (1 in 6, total 548), and radiographs were taken. ALP was an excellent marker of the disease (RR, 10.9), but the majority of those affected had normal ALP. INTRODUCTION: Evidence from radiographic surveys of limited skeletal sites has shown that Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is common in the elderly and has a distinct geographic variation. There is no information, however, about the relation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of the disease, and its prevalence in the population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from a well-defined Dutch population cohort (the Rotterdam study) with the following specific aims: (1) to assess the relationship between serum ALP activity and prevalence of radiographically diagnosed PDB, (2) to estimate the overall prevalence of the disease in the Netherlands, and (3) to assess the appearance of the disease with time. Using a nested case-control design, subjects with an increased serum ALP and normal serum liver enzymes were matched for gender and age (1 to 6) with subjects with normal serum ALP activity. Radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis, proximal femurs, knees, wrists, and hands were taken. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: PDB was diagnosed in 20.5% of subjects with elevated serum ALP activity and in 2.3% in those with normal serum ALP activity, increasing with age in both groups. The relative risk (RR) for PDB in the presence of raised serum ALP activity was 10.9 (95% CI, 4.8, 24.9). The estimated prevalence of PDB in the population was 3.6%, and the large majority (about 86%) had normal serum ALP activity, contrasting findings in bone clinics where the opposite is the case. Finally, in subjects with normal and raised serum ALP activity but no PDB at baseline, radiographs taken 6-9 years later showed no evidence of the disease. This study demonstrated that serum ALP activity is a sensitive marker of PDB in men and women >55 years of age, but the majority of those affected have normal serum ALP activity. 相似文献
109.
Resorption rate and biocompatibility characteristics of two polyester ventilation tubes in a guinea pig model 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Becky L. Massey MD Xuejun Wen PHD L. Ralph Rohr MD Patrick A. Tresco PHD Lisa Dahlstrom MS Albert H. Park MD 《Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery》2004,131(6):921-925
OBJECTIVES: Determine the resorption rate and biocompatibility characteristics of 2 polyester ventilation tubes, and to determine whether soap and water exposure accelerates polyester tube degradation. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: 50/50 poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide; PLGA-50) and poly (L-lactide; PLA) polymers were placed into the tympanic membranes of Hartley pigmented guinea pigs. Integrity of the tubes was determined by weekly otoscopic examination. Biocompatibility was assessed by comparing auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and by examining tympanic membrane changes following tube resorption. Shah minigrommet ventilation tubes were used as controls. In the second portion of this study, implanted PLGA-50 and PLA tubes were exposed weekly to a mixture of soap and water (1:5) until complete resorption was observed. Biocompatibility was assessed by periodic ABR testing and tympanic membrane examination. RESULTS: The PLA tubes remained in the tympanic membrane for a longer period (63.2 +/- 19.3 days) than the PLGA-50 (18.8 +/- 8.1 days). The tympanic membrane and resorbable tube interface demonstrated equivalent findings for auditory thresholds and tissue histopathology at the implant site compared to nonresorbable controls. The resorption behavior was not altered by exposure to soap and water. Tympanic membranes of all animals following tube degradation and soap water exposure were intact with minimal scarring and no signs of persistent foreign body response. The histological analysis showed that implantation of resorbable tubes was not accompanied by secondary infection with otorrhea through the tube, did not result in a permanent perforation or dislocation of the tube into the middle ear cavity, and was not followed by excess tympanosclerosis or localized or diffuse membrane atrophy. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Resorbable polyester pressure equalization tubes demonstrate predictable resorption behavior and similar biocompatibility characteristics when compared with nonresorbable Shah minigrommet ventilation tubes. Exposure to soap water does not accelerate polyester tube degradation nor change the host tissue response during the indwelling period or after complete resorption. The data suggests that resorbable ventilation tubes are substantially equivalent to other FDA-approved tympanostomy devices with regard to safety and biocompatibility in the guinea pig model examined and may provide improved clinical performance by combining this approach with sustained release technology. EBM RATING: B-2. 相似文献
110.
Modic changes following lumbar disc herniation 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
Only a small proportion (20%) of patients with LBP can be diagnosed based on a patho-anatomical entity. Therefore, the identification
of relevant subgroups, preferably on a patoanatomical basis, is strongly needed. Modic changes have been described by several
authors as being closely linked with LBP. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of Modic changes, their development
as well as their association to LBP, previous disc contour, and surgery in patients with previous severe sciatica. This is
a longitudinal cohort study where the patients were recruited from an RCT comparing two active conservative treatments, the
181 patients, who at baseline had radicular pain in or below the knee; all underwent a physical examination and MRI. MRI’s,
pain history and physical examination of 166 patients were obtained at follow-up 14 months later. The prevalence of Modic
changes type 1 increased from 9% at baseline to 29% at follow-up. At that time, a strong association between Modic changes
and non-specific LBP was noted. Apparently, Modic changes type 1 was more strongly associated with non-specific lumbar pain
than Modic changes type 2. The development of new Modic changes was closely related to the level of a previous disc herniation.
A lumbar disc herniation is a strong risk factor for developing Modic changes (especially type 1) during the following year.
Furthermore, Modic changes are strongly associated with LBP. 相似文献