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The mechanism of action of soluble lymphocytic mediators: I. A pulse exposure test for the measurement of macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Culture supernatants containing macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were obtained by incubating lymphocytes of guinea-pigs, immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), with tuberculin PPD in vitro. Exposure of normal peritoneal macrophages to MIF-containing supernatants for 2 hours at 37° (pulse exposure), followed by suspension in culture medium and transfer to capillaries, resulted in inhibition of migration in vitro for the next 24 hours. No inhibition was seen when macrophages were incubated with MIF at 4°. On the other hand when exposure to MIF at 4° was followed by incubation of the cells for 2 hours at 37° in culture medium, in the absence of MIF, inhibition of migration was obtained. These results indicate that: (a) macrophages possess a specific receptor able to bind MIF at either 4° or 37°, and (b) inhibition of migration by receptor bound MIF requires a temperature-dependent active process, the nature of which remains unknown.

Passage of lymphocytes through columns of glass beads resulted in a population of cells with intact or heightened MIF-forming ability, as assessed by both conventional and pulse exposure techniques.

     

Neuron transplantation into mice hippocampus alters sensitivity to barbital narcosis

The role of several hippocampal innervations in the sensitivity to barbital-induced narcosis was studied in selected mice strains. The outbred and inbred mouse strains HS/Ibg, SABRA/HUC, C57BL, CBA/LAC, and BALB/c were tested for barbital-induced sleep (315 mg/kg). The relatively short sleeping HS/Ibg (HS) and the longest sleeping BALE/c (BALE) were chosen for further investigation. Cholinergic (ACh), serotonergic (5-HT), and noradrenergic (NE) innervations were studied in HS strain; whereas BALE, which possesses both an unusually high sensitivity to barbital and unique NE innervations in the cortex and hippocampus, was employed in a detailed study of the NE innervations. Transplantation of embryonic NE cells from the mouse embryo into the hippocampus of adult HS mice increased barbital narcosis by 65% (p < 0.05), whereas transplantation of 5-HT cells decreased barbital narcosis by 54% (p < 0.001). Transplantation of ACh cells had no significant effect on barbital-induced narcosis. BALB mice were subjected to NE cell transplantation into the hippocampus and cortex. Similarly to HS, BALB receiving NE transplants into their hippocampus slept 34% longer than control after barbital challenge (p < 0.025). Noradrenergic cell transplantation into frontal cortex had no effect on barbital sleep. The results suggest that (a) enhancement by neural grafting of the NE innervation to the hippocampus accentuates and enhancement of the 5-HT innervations attenuates the sensitivity to barbital narcosis, whereas ACh innervations have no effect on the sensitivity to barbital narcosis, and (b) the unusually high sensitivity of BALB mice to barbital may not be related to its unique NE innervations.     

The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: A descriptive,non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects

Background  

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if the salivary counts of 40 common oral bacteria in subjects with an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lesion would differ from those found in cancer-free (OSCC-free) controls.     

红细胞保存期影响早产儿疗效的随机对照试验:研究设计

尽管目前趋于逐渐降低输血阅值,并开发技术避免输注异体血液,但异体红细胞输注仍是罹患疾病和贫血的新生儿重症监护患者一个重要的支持和挽救生命的方法.     

The modification of PLA and PLGA using electron-beam radiation

The degradable polymers polylactide (PLA) and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) have found widespread use in modern medical practice. However, their slow degradation rates and tendency to lose strength before mass have caused problems. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether treatment with e-beam radiation could address these problems. Samples of PLA and PLGA were manufactured and placed in layered stacks, 8.1 mm deep, before exposure to 50 kGy of e-beam radiation from a 1.5 MeV accelerator. Gel permeation chromatography testing showed that the molecular weight of both materials was depth-dependent following irradiation, with samples nearest to the treated surface showing a reduced molecular weight. Samples deeper than 5.4 mm were unaffected. Computer modeling of the transmission of a 1.5 MeV e-beam in these materials corresponded well with these findings. An accelerated mass-loss study of the treated materials found that the samples nearest the irradiated surface initiated mass loss earlier, and at later stages showed an increased percentage mass loss. It was concluded that e-beam radiation could modify the degradation of bioabsorbable polymers to potentially improve their performance in medical devices, specifically for improved orthopedic fixation.     

RNF43 is a tumour suppressor gene mutated in mucinous tumours of the ovary

Mucinous carcinomas represent a distinct morphological subtype which can arise from several organ sites, including the ovary, and their genetic characteristics are largely under‐described. Exome sequencing of 12 primary mucinous ovarian tumours identified RNF43 as the most frequently somatically mutated novel gene, secondary to KRAS and mutated at a frequency equal to that of TP53 and BRAF. Further screening of RNF43 in a larger cohort of ovarian tumours identified additional mutations, with a total frequency of 2/22 (9%) in mucinous ovarian borderline tumours and 6/29 (21%) in mucinous ovarian carcinomas. Seven mutations were predicted to truncate the protein and one missense mutation was predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Six tumours had allelic imbalance at the RNF43 locus, with loss of the wild‐type allele. The mutation spectrum strongly suggests that RNF43 is an important tumour suppressor gene in mucinous ovarian tumours, similar to its reported role in mucinous pancreatic precancerous cysts. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in 148 hospitalized adult patients

In a previous prospective study,Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified as the causative agent in 148 (42.8%) of 346 adult patients hospitalized over the course of one year with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. The present study characterizes those cases in whichStreptococcus pneumoniae was the only pathogen and those in which additional etiological agents were identified. Pneumococcal CAP was diagnosed by standard blood cultures or positive serological tests by one of two laboratory methods. In 100 (67.6%) patients, at least one other etiological agent of CAP was identified in addition toStreptococcus pneumoniae. Compared with patients who were not infected byStreptococcus pneumoniae, patients withStreptococcus pneumoniae CAP were older and had a higher rate of comorbidity (39.5% vs. 29.8%).Streptococcus pneumoniae CAP had a more severe clinical course and a higher mortality rate, especially whenStreptococcus pneumoniae was the only pathogen. Community-acquired pneumonia due toStreptococcus pneumoniae only was more similar in its clinical manifestations to classic typical pneumococcal pneumonia. When an additional etiological agent was identified, the clinical characteristics could not be distinguished from those of atypical pneumonia. It is concluded thatStreptococcus pneumoniae remains the principal cause of CAP in this region. The frequency of additional etiological agents of CAP and the difficulty in differentiating clinically between cases due toStreptococcus pneumoniae only and those due toStreptococcus pneumoniae plus other organisms necessitates initial empirical treatment that coversStreptococcus pneumoniae as well as other causative agents of atypical pneumonia.