全文获取类型
收费全文 | 170166篇 |
免费 | 11522篇 |
国内免费 | 990篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 1970篇 |
儿科学 | 4802篇 |
妇产科学 | 4133篇 |
基础医学 | 24913篇 |
口腔科学 | 3828篇 |
临床医学 | 14916篇 |
内科学 | 36978篇 |
皮肤病学 | 3102篇 |
神经病学 | 15726篇 |
特种医学 | 6810篇 |
外国民族医学 | 74篇 |
外科学 | 24096篇 |
综合类 | 2213篇 |
一般理论 | 125篇 |
预防医学 | 11023篇 |
眼科学 | 2748篇 |
药学 | 12791篇 |
3篇 | |
中国医学 | 693篇 |
肿瘤学 | 11734篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1529篇 |
2021年 | 3119篇 |
2020年 | 1976篇 |
2019年 | 2878篇 |
2018年 | 3529篇 |
2017年 | 2573篇 |
2016年 | 2854篇 |
2015年 | 3384篇 |
2014年 | 4407篇 |
2013年 | 6612篇 |
2012年 | 9004篇 |
2011年 | 9209篇 |
2010年 | 6077篇 |
2009年 | 5391篇 |
2008年 | 8199篇 |
2007年 | 8569篇 |
2006年 | 8351篇 |
2005年 | 8084篇 |
2004年 | 8264篇 |
2003年 | 7875篇 |
2002年 | 7854篇 |
2001年 | 5680篇 |
2000年 | 5660篇 |
1999年 | 4844篇 |
1998年 | 2093篇 |
1997年 | 1720篇 |
1996年 | 1529篇 |
1995年 | 1500篇 |
1994年 | 1276篇 |
1993年 | 1298篇 |
1992年 | 3148篇 |
1991年 | 3021篇 |
1990年 | 2744篇 |
1989年 | 2663篇 |
1988年 | 2332篇 |
1987年 | 2218篇 |
1986年 | 2158篇 |
1985年 | 1948篇 |
1984年 | 1421篇 |
1983年 | 1329篇 |
1982年 | 886篇 |
1981年 | 821篇 |
1980年 | 725篇 |
1979年 | 1161篇 |
1978年 | 768篇 |
1977年 | 710篇 |
1975年 | 792篇 |
1974年 | 883篇 |
1973年 | 798篇 |
1972年 | 746篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Renaud Snanoudj Nassim Kamar Elisabeth Cassuto Sophie Caillard Marie Metzger Pierre Merville Antoine Thierry Isabelle Jollet Philippe Grimbert Dany Anglicheau Marc Hazzan Gabriel Choukroun Bruno Hurault De Ligny Bénedicte Janbon Vincent Vuiblet Anne Devys Yann Le Meur Michel Delahousse Jean-Luc Taupin 《Kidney international》2019,95(6):1471-1485
62.
63.
Roberto De la Plaza Llamas Jos M Ramia 《World journal of gastroenterology : WJG》2020,26(21):2682-2690
Postoperative complications(PC) are a basic health outcome, but no surgery service in the world records and/or audits the PC associated with all the surgical procedures it performs. Most studies that have assessed the cost of PC suffer from poor quality and a lack of transparency and consistency. The payment system in place often rewards the volume of services provided rather than the quality of patients' clinical outcomes. Without a thorough registration of PC, the economic costs involved cannot be determined. An accurate, reliable appraisal would help identify areas for investment in order to reduce the incidence of PC,improve surgical results, and bring down the economic costs. This article describes how to quantify and classify PC using the Clavien-Dindo classification and the comprehensive complication index, discusses the perspectives from which economic evaluations are performed and the minimum postoperative follow-up established, and makes various recommendations. The availability of accurate and impartially audited data on PC will help reduce their incidence and bring down costs. Patients, the health authorities, and society as a whole are sure to benefit. 相似文献
64.
Philippe A. Eigenmann Motohiro Ebisawa Matthew Greenhawt Jonathan O’B Hourihane Tamara T. Perry Benjamin C. Remington Robert A. Wood 《Pediatric allergy and immunology》2021,32(4):658-666
Risk is a concept inherent in every medical procedure. It can be defined as the probability of an adverse event in a defined population over a specified period of time. In the frame of food allergy management, it might be related to a diagnostic procedure, a treatment, or the consumption of foods. The risk of an adverse event can also be augmented by individual factors. This rostrum article discusses various aspects faced by children with food allergies in the light of risk, and their practical implications. Identifying personal risks for severe reaction, such as unstable asthma, and correcting them whenever possible also contribute to a reduction of the risk inherent to food allergy. Among the facets discussed, oral food challenges (OFC) are the most common diagnostic procedures implying an inherent risk. The risk of OFCs can be minimized by correct indication and timing of the test, a safe setting, as well as by ensuring that the patient is otherwise well without potential stressor potentially increasing the risk of a more severe reaction. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been studied as a potential treatment for increasing the threshold dose for reaction, and thus reducing the risk of accidental reaction. Nevertheless, the procedure is not devoid of risk as the patients may and do often react during the course of the procedure. Ingestion of trace amounts in processed foods, mainly in community settings such as restaurants, schools, or day care, represents a potential risk of reactions, although for a minority of patients. Precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) is a widespread strategy to reduce the potential risk of reactions due to traces. However, PAL is currently inefficient due to inconsistent labeling, also not indicating a clear maximum amount possibly present in the manufactured food. Finally, cost-effectiveness needs to be considered in risk management, as many risk reduction procedures are clearly not cost-effective. 相似文献
65.
A. Zampieron M. Elseviers P. Ormandy H. Vlaminck J.‐Y. De Vos T. Kafkia E. Lindley M. Harrington 《Journal of Renal Care》2006,32(1):14-19
This paper describes a study to capture the key roles and activities of nephrology nurses across different countries in Europe. The concept of the study and the need to clarify the activities of the nephrology nurse arose as part of a larger study to develop the European Practice Database (EPD) (1). The Research Board (EDTNA/ERCA) needed to identify key questions that would detect significant differences in the role and responsibilities of nephrology nurses in different countries and monitor the evolution over time of nephrology nursing practice in Europe. It was therefore appropriate to devise a separate small study to generate evidence based questions for the EPD and confirm the reliability and usefulness of the information captured. 相似文献
66.
A I D'hulst K R Bracke T Maes J L De Bleecker R A Pauwels G F Joos G G Brusselle 《The European respiratory journal》2006,28(1):102-112
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a local pulmonary inflammatory response to respiratory pollutants and by systemic inflammation. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been implicated in systemic effects of COPD and operates by binding the p55 (R1) and p75 (R2) TNF-alpha receptors. To investigate the contribution of each TNF-alpha receptor in the pathogenesis of COPD, the present study examined the effects of chronic air or cigarette smoke (CS) exposure in TNF-alpha R1 knockout (KO) mice, TNF-alpha R2 KO mice and wild type (WT) mice. CS was found to significantly increase the protein levels of soluble TNF-alpha R1 (by four-fold) and TNF-alpha R2 (by 10-fold) in the bronchoalveolar lavage of WT mice. After 3 months, CS induced a prominent pulmonary inflammatory cell influx in WT and TNF-alpha R1 KO mice. In TNF-alpha R2 KO mice, CS-induced pulmonary inflammation was clearly attenuated. After 6 months, no emphysema was observed in CS-exposed TNF-alpha R2 KO mice in contrast to WT and TNF-alpha R1 KO mice. CS-exposed WT and TNF-alpha R1 KO mice failed to gain weight, whereas the body mass of TNF-alpha R2 KO mice was not affected. These current findings suggest that both tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor-2 is the most active receptor in the development of inflammation, emphysema and systemic weight loss in this murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 相似文献
67.
Josu De La Fuente 《British journal of haematology》2003,120(1):172-173
68.
Dino Donataccio Francine Roggen Chantal De Reyck Catherine Verbaandert Monique Bodeus Jan Lerut 《Transplant international》2006,19(1):38-43
The use of livers from anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) positive donors can alleviate donor shortage. Nineteen of 367 (6%) adults receiving anti-HBc positive allografts [three were hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) negative, hepatitis B antibody (HBsAb) positive; four were HBsAg positive and 12 were not exposed to hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection] were retrospectively reviewed. In HBsAg negative recipients, immunoprophylaxis (IP) was guided by viral serology and immunohistochemistry (IH) of day 0 and day 7 liver biopsies. If IH was negative, IP was stopped. None of three HBsAg negative, HBsAb positive recipients infected; one (replicating) of four HBsAg positive recipients reinfected and seven of eight (87.5%) HBsAg, HBsAb negative recipients, who did not receive long-term IP, infected after a median time of 2 years (range 1-5); one patient died of liver failure. Four HBsAg, HBsAb negative recipients, receiving life-long IP, remained infection free. Anti-HBc positive donor livers must be directed selectively first to HBsAg positive recipients, next to recipients having HBV antibodies and finally to HBV-naive recipients. Identification of both donor and recipient risk factors for HBV infection before transplantation allows indiscriminate use of antiviral prophylaxis. The necessity for IP therapy should be guided by HBV-DNA testing of donor liver tissue and serum. IH of early liver biopsies is an unreliable marker for predicting antiviral treatment requirements. 相似文献
69.
Mireille Lavoie rn p hd Thomas De Koninck p hd Danielle Blondeau rn p hd 《Nursing philosophy》2006,7(4):225-234
Abstract The discipline of nursing is still struggling with the differences that need to be clearly defined between the notions of care and nursing care. To be able to clarify this distinction, agreement must first be reached on the meaning of care itself. The present article proposes a conception of care in light of the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995). This philosopher's thought throws considerable light on the ontology of care, thanks especially to his focus on the deeper implications of human encounter. A profound sense of responsibility towards the other enables Levinas to bring out such dimensions of the concept of care as the relation involved, the feeling of affection, and the interventions. We examine here what these entail regarding nursing care. 相似文献
70.
Rodolphe Korichi Sophie Mac-Mary Ahmed Elkhyat Jean-Marie Sainthillier Pascal Ränsch Philippe Humbert Eric Viviant Germaine Gazano Christian Mahé 《Skin research and technology》2006,12(3):206-210
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this work was to develop a new sensor for objective in vivo measurement of the cutaneous temperature based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and to compare these performances with those of a classical thermocouple. Research on this new sensor was carried out to allow the quantification of the thermal properties of the made-up skin. METHODS: Sixteen female subjects divided into two different age groups (18-35 and >50 years old) were recruited for this study. Several zones of the face and forearms were made up at random with foundations containing or not a thermoregulator raw material. The quantity of foundation applied on the skin was standardized and measurements were carried out first before make-up, and then 10 s and 5 min after make-up. The new sensor and the thermocouple were used successively on each zone. The cutaneous temperature was expressed in degrees celsius. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The two systems are similar in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, with some differences in sensibility. The data measured by the MEMS sensor appear lower than those measured by the thermocouple. After make-up, the MEMS sensor detects a progressive increase of the temperature in time whereas the thermocouple detects a decrease. We found the same evolution on the face but in a more attenuated way. These results tend to show that the devices do not measure the same phenomenon. The thermocouple appears more sensitive to the thermal response of the made-up surface whereas the MEMS sensor appears more sensitive to the heat transfers in the interface between the skin and make-up. 相似文献