Umbilical vs peripheral vein catheterization for parenteral nutrition in sick premature neonates.

The efficacy and safety of using umbilical venous catheters vs. peripheral venous catheters for the delivery of parenteral nutrition was studied in 129 critically ill premature infants who were treated in a neonatal intensive care unit for the first 3 weeks of life. Infants who received parenteral nutrition by umbilical venous catheter had greater parenteral caloric intake, lower physiologic weight loss and greater weight gain during the study as compared to infants who received parenteral nutrition by peripheral vein. While the overall incidence of sepsis was comparable in both groups (19% vs 19.7%), benign and transient episodes of hyperglycemia were seen more commonly in infants receiving parenteral nutrition by umbilical catheters. None of the hyperglycemic infants, however, required insulin therapy. The incidence of other metabolic complication was comparable in both groups. At follow up, no evidence of portal hypertension was detected in any of the infants up to 66 months of age treated with umbilical venous catheters. We conclude that the use of umbilical venous catheter allows for a comparably safe and a more appropriate parenteral nutrition support than peripheral catheters in critically ill premature neonates.     

Bile acid profile as early indicator of allograft function during orthotopic liver transplantation

Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in 20 pigs. Serum total bile acids (STBA) were determined and their profile compared with standard early function parameters: total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic acid. In phase I, the STBA level was 32.89 +/- 1.29 mumol/l. In phase II, STBA accumulated to 84.46 +/- 15.25 mumol/l (p less than 0.01), followed by hepatic clearance in phase III (63.61 +/- 9.71 mumol/1; NS). Between phase III and 6- and 12-hour samples, STBA decreased progressively, reaching values of 33.63 +/- 7.05 mumol/l at 24 h. AST was elevated in phases I, II, III, and at 6, 12 and 24 h (p less than 0.001), as was ALT (but with insignificant differences). Thus, STBA and their profile appear to be earlier and more specific indicators of early graft function than conventional parameters.     

Government advice on peanut avoidance during pregnancy – is it followed correctly and what is the impact on sensitization?

BACKGROUND: In 1998, the UK government issued precautionary advice that pregnant or breast-feeding women with a family history of atopy, may wish to avoid eating peanuts during pregnancy and lactation. This study aimed to assess the compliance with this recommendation and investigate its impact upon peanut sensitization. METHODS: A total of 858 children born immediately after the advice were followed for 2 years and assessed for peanut sensitization. A standardized questionnaire was used to ascertain history of atopy and maternal exposure to peanuts during pregnancy. Following parental consent children were skin prick tested to assess sensitization to peanuts. RESULTS: Sixty-five per cent of mothers had avoided peanuts during pregnancy. Forty-two per cent of the mothers had heard about the government advice, and half modified their diet as a consequence. Neither maternal nor family history of atopy had any significant effect on peanut consumption. Parity did play a role, and mothers having their first child were twice as likely to change their diet (P<0.001). Mothers of 77% of the children sensitized to peanuts had avoided peanuts during pregnancy. In this cohort study maternal consumption of peanut during pregnancy was not associated with peanut sensitization in the infant. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of mothers in this cohort avoided peanut consumption during pregnancy. It is likely that either the government advice is misunderstood by mothers, or that those who communicate the advice have not fully explained who it is targeted at.     

Modulation of arterial stiffness with intensive competitive training.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise training has been associated with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, improving arterial compliance, possibly related to a positive impact on the endothelium. The effects of competitive aerobic exercise are not so well documented. This prompted us to evaluate the possible modulation of arterial properties in a group of athletes and their response to the aging process. METHODS: 423 healthy males were enrolled in a cross-sectional study, 212 of whom were competitive athletes and 211 were controls. All underwent carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) evaluation, and casual blood pressure and other relevant anthropometric data were evaluated. RESULTS: To control the effects of age, each group was divided into two subgroups with an age cut-point of 20 years. PWV was 6.3 +/- 0.9 m/s (athletes) vs. 7.0 +/- 1.0 m/s (controls) for ages <20 years, and 7.6 +/- 1.2 m/s (athletes) vs. 8.1 +/- 0.9 m/s (controls) for ages >20 years, with statistically significant differences in both comparisons. A linear regression model with logarithmic tendency analysis with age as the independent determinant of PWV revealed a different progression of age-related deterioration of aortic compliance between the two groups (athletes and controls). CONCLUSIONS: Our data documented better compliance indices in competition athletes compared with controls, which may reflect optimization of endothelial function. This improvement was age-dependent, being less pronounced as the athletes grow older, which could be due partially to sustained stretching effects on the arterial walls in long-term competitors.     

The changing face of paediatric hydrocephalus: a decade's experience.

All 253 children receiving neurosurgical intervention for hydrocephalus (HCP) at a single British Neurosurgical Unit over a decade were investigated by retrospective case note review. Referral rates and mean age at presentation remained stable throughout, as did proportions of children presenting due to myelomeningocoele or meningitis. Comparing the first and second halves of the decade, the predominant aetiologies (intraventricular haemorrhage [IVH] at <1 year and brain tumour at 1-16 years) reduced from comprising half (70/129) of all cases to just over one-third (43/124). Other significant changes included a 45% reduction in neonatal IVH and a 179% increase in rare miscellaneous disorders. Outcome after 4 years of follow-up for all patients showed 44.4% without deficit, 11.9% with non-cognitive neurological deficits only, 11.5% with cognitive impairment only, 13.5% with both cognitive and neurological impairments, and 15.5% mortality.     

Evaluation of Class I ART restorations in Brazilian schoolchildren: three-year results

Atraumetic Restorative Treatment (ART) has been adopted around the world to avoid unnecessary extractions, especially in non-industrialized countries The development of specific glass ionomer cements marketed for the ART technique has contributed to the technical success rate. In this study. Ketac-Molar^a (3M ESPE. Dental Medzn Germany) was used to restore 150 Class I cavities in 118 Brazilian public school children, aged from 7–12 years. At baseline and at subsequent recalls. CPI probes with a ball-end of 0.5 millimeters (mm) were used to assess loss of restorative material, and photographic color transparencies of restorations were made. After six months. 83 patients returned for follow-up examinations, with 71.8% of their restorations designated as acceptable. After three years. 49 patients with 57 ART-restorations were evaluated, with 21.0% of these restorations graded as acceptable Another 29.8% of their restorations had been replaced by more permanent materials. The main objective of the ART technique is tooth retention; this was achieved for 94.7% of the restored teeth in a high caries risk population who returned for recalls.     

Hemagglutination and proteoglycan binding by the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

The ability of the Lyme disease spirochete to attach to host components may contribute to its ability to infect diverse tissues. We present evidence that the Lyme disease spirochete expresses a lectin activity that promotes agglutination of erythrocytes and bacterial attachment to glycosaminoglycans. Among a diverse collection of 21 strains of Lyme disease spirochete, hemagglutinating activity was easily detected in all but 3 strains, and these three strains were noninfectious. The ability to agglutinate erythrocytes was associated with the ability of the spirochete to bind to the sulfated polysaccharide dextran sulfate and to mammalian cells. Soluble dextran sulfate was a potent inhibitor of both hemagglutination and attachment to mammalian cells, while dextran had no effect on either activity, suggesting that dextran sulfate may inhibit attachment by mimicking host cell glycosaminoglycans. Consistent with this, the spirochete bound to immobilized heparin, and soluble heparin inhibited bacterial adhesion to mammalian cells. The bacterium did not bind efficiently to Vero cells treated with heparinase or heparitinase or to mutant CHO cell lines that are deficient in proteoglycan synthesis. Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans was critical for efficient bacterial recognition, as Vero cells treated with an inhibitor of sulfation, or a mutant CHO cell line that produces undersulfated heparan sulfate, did not mediate maximal spirochetal binding. Binding of the spirochete to extracellular matrix also appeared to be dependent upon this attachment pathway. These findings suggest that a glycosaminoglycan-binding activity which can be detected by hemagglutination contributes to the attachment of the Lyme disease spirochete to host cells and matrix.     

Conjunctival cytologic features of primary Sj?gren's syndrome.

To determine whether there are specific cytologic features associated with primary Sj?gren's syndrome (SS), the authors evaluated impression cytology specimens from three conjunctival sites (temporal bulbar [TB], inferior bulbar [IB], and inferior tarsal [IT]) from 38 SS eyes, 34 eyes of aqueous tear-deficient patients without SS, 35 eyes of seborrheic blepharitis patients, and 17 eyes of normal controls in a masked fashion. The following features were observed more frequently in SS eyes than in the eyes of the other groups: squamous metaplasia of the TB and IB (P less than 0.05), extensive (greater than 75%) goblet cell loss of the TB (P less than 0.05), mucous aggregates of the bulbar conjunctiva (P less than 0.05), and inflammatory cells intercalated with epithelial cells on the IT conjunctiva (P less than 0.06). The conjunctival inflammatory cell infiltrate correlated with the presence of extensive squamous metaplasia (P less than 0.01) in SS specimens. The inflammatory cells on the IT conjunctival epithelium were found to consist predominantly of T-lymphocytes by immunofluorescent staining of cytologic specimens from six eyes. Based on these findings, the authors speculated that conjunctival squamous metaplasia, in addition to aqueous tear deficiency, may be due to primary involvement of the dysfunctional immune system of SS.