Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review

Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 248–256 The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) restores immune responses against pathogens and has greatly decreased mortality. However, in about 25% to 35% of patients receiving HAART, the reconstituted immune system leads to a pathological inflammatory response, commonly known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which causes substantial short‐term morbidity or even mortality. Although we have gleaned some knowledge on IRIS in the past few years, a number of unanswered questions remain. In this review, we discuss the definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical spectrum including oral manifestations, and management of IRIS.     

Social and dental status along the life course and oral health impacts in adolescents: a population-based birth cohort

Background  

Harmful social conditions in early life might predispose individuals to dental status which in turn may impact on adolescents' quality of life.     

Infection in diabetic osteoarthropathy: use of indium-labeled leukocytes for diagnosis

Indium-111 labeled leukocyte imaging was compared with three-phase skeletal scintigraphy as a means of determining whether osteomyelitis was complicating diabetic osteoarthropathy. Three-phase scintigraphy demonstrated increased activity in both infected and noninfected osteopathic bone, with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 56% for osteomyelitis. Leukocyte imaging had the same sensitivity but was most helpful for excluding infection (specificity, 89%) when three-phase imaging could not. Abnormal leukocyte localization was seen at the primary site of infection in all cases within 4 hours after injection. Disadvantages of leukocyte imaging included long preparation time, low count rates resulting in poor spatial resolution, and absence of bone landmarks, which made it difficult to differentiate soft tissue from bone infection.     

Odontogenic ghost cell tumours. The neoplastic form of calcifying odontogenic cyst

The tumourous form of the calcifying odontogenic cyst is a rare entity and only a small number cases have been described in the medical literature published in English. Our report concerns a 66-year-old patient with a tumourous mass in the maxilla, with clear COC histological features, in addition to an infiltrative growth pattern of the epithelial islands and ghost cells invading the subjacent stroma, oral mucosa and peripheral maxillary bone. Cytoplasmic and nuclear pleomorphism and atypical mitoses were rarely found. An aggressive surgical approach produced a satisfactory result. We have reviewed the literature available in English and compared it with our case.