全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2748篇 |
免费 | 139篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 16篇 |
儿科学 | 110篇 |
妇产科学 | 82篇 |
基础医学 | 251篇 |
口腔科学 | 28篇 |
临床医学 | 571篇 |
内科学 | 363篇 |
皮肤病学 | 11篇 |
神经病学 | 241篇 |
特种医学 | 93篇 |
外国民族医学 | 1篇 |
外科学 | 258篇 |
综合类 | 52篇 |
一般理论 | 4篇 |
预防医学 | 364篇 |
眼科学 | 9篇 |
药学 | 259篇 |
肿瘤学 | 177篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 31篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 27篇 |
2018年 | 37篇 |
2017年 | 22篇 |
2016年 | 32篇 |
2015年 | 47篇 |
2014年 | 52篇 |
2013年 | 112篇 |
2012年 | 139篇 |
2011年 | 182篇 |
2010年 | 95篇 |
2009年 | 83篇 |
2008年 | 170篇 |
2007年 | 201篇 |
2006年 | 226篇 |
2005年 | 206篇 |
2004年 | 228篇 |
2003年 | 186篇 |
2002年 | 189篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 42篇 |
1999年 | 41篇 |
1998年 | 54篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 38篇 |
1995年 | 27篇 |
1994年 | 24篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 30篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 23篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2890条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Tarnowski Kenneth J.; Gavaghan Mary Pat; Wisniewski Jack J. 《Journal of pediatric psychology》1989,14(3):463-472
Examined the effects of pain symptom severity and patient diagnosticstatus on pediatric staffs' acceptability ratings of 6 interventionsused to treat pediatric pain. Results indicated that (a) extinctionwas significantly less acceptable than all other behavioraland pharmacologic interventions, (b) self-management was moreacceptable than all other interventions with the exception ofcontingency management, (c) accelerative procedures and self-managementinterventions were preferred to pharmacologic treatment, (d)patient diagnostic status and pain symptom severity failed tosignificantly influence treatment ratings, (e) self-managementwas the only intervention differentially rated as a functionof pain symptom severity, and (f) pharmacologic treatment wasdifferentially rated as a function of patient diagnostic status. 相似文献
22.
Pilot study of a visitor volunteer programme for community elderly people receiving home health care
MacIntyre I Corradetti P Roberts J Browne G Watt S Lane A 《Health & social care in the community》1999,7(3):225-232
There is a need to evaluate community support programmes for elderly people. In this randomized control trial (RCT), we determined the effectiveness of 'friendly visitors' in a volunteer programme of a visiting nurses organization in Southern Ontario, Canada. The Volunteer Friendly Visitor Programme was developed to support elderly people receiving homemaking and nursing care in the community. Volunteers are screened, trained, interviewed and matched to homebound elderly clients for general interest, visit expectations and personality. Volunteers spend three to four hours on average per week with clients socializing in mutually agreed-upon ways. The nursing staff identified clients who were lonely for this additional support. These newly-referred clients were randomly allocated to receive a friendly visitor or not for six weeks. Those receiving the volunteer visitor improved in life satisfaction and two social support measures: worth and social integration. Thus, the addition of volunteer visitors to planned homemaking and nursing care made a difference for elderly in the community. 相似文献
23.
Mark R. Benfield Angie Vail F. Bryson Waldo R. Pat Bucy Edward C. Kohaut 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1996,10(3):280-282
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) improves growth in children after renal transplantation, but may be associated with augmented immune responses. We previously demonstrated that rhGH augments proliferative and cytotoxic responses and interferon-gamma (IFN-) mRNA expression during a mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). In this study, we evaluated 12 pediatric patients after receiving a renal allograft from one of their parents. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from patients and cultured with either donor or unrelated third-party PBMC in an MLC. Patients developed significant donor-specific hyporesponsiveness (DSH), however, no correlation was seen between the amount of DSH and graft function. Of the 12 patients, 2 developed augmented responses in the presence of rhGH. rhGH augments proliferation, cytotoxicity, and IFN- expression during an MLC. Some patients develop increased responses to donorspecific alloantigens after renal transplantation. Further study is needed to better determine the significance of this finding. 相似文献
24.
A Patócs E Karádi M Tóth I Varga N Szücs K Balogh J Majnik E Gláz K Rácz 《European journal of cancer prevention》2004,13(5):403-409
The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of phaeochromocytomas among adrenal tumours and to analyse the clinical and biochemical features of sporadic and hereditary tumours. Our series of 609 adrenal tumours evaluated between January 1995 and July 2003 was reviewed. Catecholamine content in phaeochromocytoma tissues was also determined and correlated with clinical behaviour and biochemical parameters of patients. Forty-one (6.7%) of the 609 patients had phaeochromocytomas, of which 28 were sporadic (25 benign and three malignant) and 13 (all benign) were associated with hereditary diseases (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A in seven cases from four unrelated families carrying mutations of the RET gene, von Hippel-Lindau disease in two unrelated cases with mutations of the VHL gene, and type 1 neurofibromatosis in four unrelated cases). Bilateral tumours were found in three patients with hereditary syndromes and in one sporadic case. Tumour diameter was slightly but not significantly greater in patients with hereditary than in those with sporadic tumours. Systolic but not diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in patients with sporadic compared with those with hereditary tumours, but comparison of other clinical data and biochemical parameters indicated an absence of significant differences in the mean age, presenting symptoms, heart rate, or fasting serum glucose levels. Tissue catecholamine content measured in 8 sporadic and 5 hereditary phaeochromocytomas was highly variable and it failed to show significant differences between hereditary and sporadic tumours. These results indicate a high proportion of hereditary diseases among patients with phaeochromocytomas. Genetic and clinical testing for hereditary diseases may be of great help to offer an appropriate treatment, follow-up and family screening for these patients. 相似文献
25.
Jessy Deshane Gene P. Siegal Minghui Wang Marci Wright R.Pat Bucy Ronald D. Alvarez David T. Curiel 《Gynecologic oncology》1997,64(3):378-385
We have previously shown that adenoviral-mediated delivery of an anti-erbB-2 intracellular single-chain antibody (sFv) causes specific cytotoxicy in erbB-2-overexpressing ovarian carcinoma cells. Furthermore, intraperitoneal delivery of the anti-erbB-2 sFv enhances survival and reduces tumor burden in a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma in SCID mice. These findings have led to an RAC-approved Phase I clinical trial for patients with ovarian cancer. In this report, we show that expression of the anti-erbB-2 sFv could be readily detected in target tumor cells byin situhybridization methodology. PCR analysis of DNA extracted from various murine tissues demonstrated that the anti-erbB-2 sFv remained localized to the peritoneum. Delivery of the sFv to the non-erbB-2-overexpressing REN mesothelial and Hep G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines was not deleterious to either one, affirming the tumor specificity of this gene therapy strategy. In addition, histopathological analysis of various tissues showed that adenoviral-mediated delivery of the anti-erbB-2 sFv to immunocompetent mice with either primary exposure or previous vector challenge at different doses produced no abnormal changes when compared to untreated animals. These findings suggest that adenoviral-mediated delivery of the anti-erbB-2 sFv in a human context can be effectively assayed, is potentially free of vector-associated toxicity, and retains biologic utility based on tumor specificity. 相似文献
26.
Cancer Incidence in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia: Disparities in Appalachia 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Eugene J. Lengerich VMD MS ; Thomas C. Tucker PhD MPH ; Raymond K. Powell MPH ; Pat Colsher PhD ; Erik Lehman MS ; Ann J. Ward MS ; Jennifer C. Siedlecki BS ; Stephen W. Wyatt DMD MPH 《The Journal of rural health》2005,21(1):39-47
CONTEXT: Composed of all or a portion of 13 states, Appalachia is a heterogeneous, economically disadvantaged region of the eastern United States. While mortality from cancer in Appalachia has previously been reported to be elevated, rates of cancer incidence in Appalachia remain unreported. PURPOSE: To estimate Appalachian cancer incidence by stage and site and to determine if incidence was greater than that in the United States. METHODS: Using 1994--1998 data from the central registries of Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for the rural and nonrural regions of Appalachia. These state rates were compared to rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for the same years by calculating the adjusted rate ratio (RR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). FINDINGS: Both the entire and rural Appalachian regions had an adjusted incidence rate for all cancer sites similar to the SEER rate (RR = 1.00 [95% CI, 1.00-1.01] and RR = 0.99 [95% CI, 0.99-1.00], respectively). However, incidence of cancer of the lung/ bronchus, colon, rectum, and cervix in Appalachia was significantly elevated (RR = 1.22 [95% CI, 1.20-1.23], 1.13 [95% CI, 1.11-1.14], 1.19 [95% CI, 1.16-1.22], and 1.12 [95% CI, 1.07-1.17], respectively). Incidence of cancer of the lung/bronchus and cervix in rural Appalachia was even more elevated (RR = 1.34 [95% CI, 1.31-1.36] and 1.29 [95% CI, 1.21-1.38], respectively). Incidence of unstaged disease for all cancer sites in Appalachia (RR = 1.06 [95% CI, 1.05-1.08]), particularly rural Appalachia (RR = 1.28 [95%CI, 1.25-1.301), was elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer incidence in Appalachia was not found to be elevated. However, incidence of cancer of the lung/bronchus, colon, rectum, and cervix was elevated in Appalachia. The rates of unstaged cancer of every examined site were elevated in rural Appalachia, suggesting a lack of access to cancer health care. 相似文献
27.
Jane Dimmitt Champion PhD FNP CS ; Pat Kelly PhD FNP ; Rochelle N. Shain PhD ; Jeanna M. Piper MD 《The Journal of rural health》2004,20(3):279-285
CONTEXT: There is a need for community-based, culturally sensitive, cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior among minority adolescents. Studies of adolescent risk and protective behaviors have focused on identifying modifiable psychosocial variables that predict differential outcomes for subsequent intervention efforts. Research has been scarce in studies of rural minority adolescent women. PURPOSE: To examine the protective and risk behaviors of these rural Mexican-American adolescent women and their relationship to physical or sexual abuse. METHODS: Mexican-American adolescent women aged 14-19 years were recruited through a rural health clinic and administered a self-report assessment for protective and risk behavior and sexual, physical, and psychological abuse. FINDINGS: Rural minority adolescent women endured high levels of psychological distress and many risk behaviors yet experienced few protective behaviors. Barriers to health care included access and confidentiality. Physically or sexually abused adolescents endured relatively greater risk and fewer protective behaviors than nonabused. CONCLUSIONS: Rural Mexican-American adolescent women may benefit from confidential identification and assessment of abuse history and risk and protective behaviors so that appropriate psychological treatment can accompany accessible medical treatment. The prevalence of risk behaviors and abuse among these women presents a need for development of behavioral interventions for risk reduction and promotion of health protective behaviors. 相似文献
28.
Rachel E Neale Geraldine Mineau David C Whiteman Pat A Brownbill Michael F G Murphy 《Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention》2005,14(5):1236-1240
OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that the in utero environment may contribute to subsequent development of cancers in childhood and adulthood. Raised levels of estrogen during pregnancy may be the primary in utero etiologic factor. Mothers of twins have higher estrogen levels during pregnancy than mothers of singletons, therefore, assessment of cancer risk in twins may be informative.METHOD: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of cancer among twin and singleton newborns selected from the Utah Population Database, matched on birth year and sex. Cancer diagnoses were determined by linkage with the Utah state cancer register. Relative rates of all cancers in childhood and in adulthood in twins compared with singletons, and for specific cancers including testicular, breast and melanoma, were calculated using Poisson regression.RESULTS: Twin (35,271) and singleton (74,199) births were identified, among whom there were 336 and 691 cancer diagnoses, respectively. The relative risk (RR) of childhood cancer in twins compared with singletons was 0.82 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-1.24] and of adult cancer was 1.06 (0.92-1.22). We found nonsignificant increases in risk among adult twins for cancers of the breast, prostate, testis, lymphatic system, thyroid, and large bowel. The largest departures from unity were for testicular cancer (RR 1.47; 95% CI, 0.73-2.95) and melanoma (RR 0.67; 95% CI, 0.42-1.06).CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with the body of evidence suggesting that twins have a reduced risk of cancer in childhood. Although there is no overall differential in adult cancer risk, these data support the hypothesis that the in utero environment may play an important role in specific cancers. 相似文献
29.
Rationale Lewis (LEW) and Fischer (F344) rats exhibit marked differences in appetitive and consummatory responses to numerous drugs,
including psychostimulants. Neurotensin (NT) produces psychostimulant-like actions, which sensitize with repeated exposure,
and neuroleptic-like actions; effects that are dependent on the site of microinjection. The aim of the present experiments
was to assess the behavioral sensitivity of these two strains of rats to NT receptor activation.
Methods In expt 1, locomotor activity was assessed on alternate days following an ICV injection of NT, [d-Tyr11]neurotensin (d-NT; 18 nmol/10 μl), or vehicle (days 1, 3, 5, and 7) in independent groups of LEW and F344 rats. On day 14, locomotor activity
was assessed in all rats following an injection of d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg, IP). In expt 2, activity was assessed following injection into the ventral tegmental area of NT, or
d-NT, (2.5 μg/hemisphere) or into the nucleus accumbens (2.5 and 5.0 μg/hemisphere).
Results Repeated ICV injections of NT, or d-NT, produced differential behavioral effects in the two strains of rats on days 1–7; activity was initially suppressed in
LEW, but less so in F344 rats, following NT. In F344, but not in LEW rats, d-NT produced a significant increase in activity. Neurotensin and d-NT sensitized LEW rats to amphetamine-induced ambulatory and non-ambulatory activity. Except for vertical activity, this
effect was weaker or in the opposite direction in F344 rats. When injected into the ventral tegmental area, NT produced an
increase in locomotor activity in both strains, an effect that was greater in F344 than LEW rats with d-NT. In the nucleus accumbens, NT marginally decreased activity in both strains, while d-NT produced a significant increase in F344 but not in LEW rats.
Conclusions These results provide empirical evidence that endogenous NT neurotransmission within limbic circuitry differs in F344 and
LEW rats. 相似文献
30.