Extensive Aberrant Mongolian Spot

A 9-month-old male infant had generalized diffuse blue-gray pigmentation over most of his body, sparing the scalp, face, neck, palms, soles, periumbilical area, genital area, and nipples. Within the lesion, there were several conspicuous macules of considerably darker hue. Histologic examination revealed numerous dermal melanocytes. By 16 months of age, the child's blue-gray pigmentation had decreased substantially.     

Endotracheal suctioning causes right upper lobe collapse in intubated children

Objective: Right upper lobe collapse is a common radiographic finding in intubated children. We hypothesized that deep suctioning and uncontrolled negative pressures during endotracheal tube suctioning were significant contributory factors. Methods : The incidence of right upper lobe (RUL) collapse in intubated, ventilated children on a paediatric cardiac intensive care unit was determined over a 3-month period ( n = 102). Graduated suction catheters and suction vacuums of < 165 cm H₂O were then introduced. Another prospective audit was carried out 3 months later ( n = 60). Results : We found that 24% developed RUL collapse and 4 developed an apical pneumothorax. Following the introduction of graduated catheters and controlled vacuums pressures, a significant reduction in the incidence of RUL collapse, to 7%, was observed ( p < 0.05). Conclusions : We conclude that high negative pressure and deep-suctioning causes RUL collapse in children. Any lobar collapse not only prolongs the child's stay in intensive care, but can be associated with further morbidity which may have a serious implication. By improving suctioning technique this morbidity can be significantly reduced.     

Immobilization and characterization of beta-galactosidase in thermally reversible hydrogel beads

Beta-Galactosidase has been immobilized within thermally reversible hydrogel beads and has been studied in batch and packed bed reactor systems. The enzyme was entrapped in a copolymer hydrogel of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and acrylamide (AAm) as beads were formed in an inverse suspension polymerization. A reversible deswelling and reswelling of the hydrogel matrix was induced by first warming and then cooling through 37-40 degrees C, which is the lower critical solution temperature, LCST, of the backbone copolymer. The optimum temperature for maximum activity of the immobilized enzyme-gel bead system was found to be 30-35 degrees C in a batch mode and 40 degrees C in a packed bed reactor, which were both below the 50 degrees C optimum for the free enzyme. These differences are understandable, since the mass transfer rates of substrate and product within the pores of the gel matrix are controlled mainly by the temperature, so therefore it is the temperature which governs the overall activity of the immobilized enzyme system. It was also found that when the operational temperature in the packed bed reactor was cycled between temperatures below (35 degrees C) and above (45 degrees C) the copolymer gel LCST, the activity of the immobilized enzyme almost fully recovered after each cycle. In fact, the enzyme-gel system exhibited a complete "shut-off" in activity at 50 degrees C which was the temperature where the free enzyme showed its maximum activity. The thermal cycling operation of LCST enzyme-gel beads can be used to enhance overall activity and productivity of a packed bed reactor, when compared to isothermal operation of this reactor. This is due to the thermally induced "pumping" which enhances mass transfer rates of substrate in and product out of the gel beads.     

Using serum cholesterol to identify high risk and stimulate behavior change: will it work?

If the measurement of serum cholesterol is to be used to identify a sub-population at high risk of subsequent disease and to stimulate behavior change in this group to lower serum cholesterol, the test must be able to both discriminate and motivate the group. The ability of the test to motivate has been documented in a randomized trial. This paper therefore tests, in a cohort of United States men ages 40-59 at entry, the ability of serum cholesterol to discriminate between individuals who would and would not die from coronary heart disease. While risk of death increased with increasing serum cholesterol, the values for men who developed coronary heart disease overlapped the values of the men who did not develop the disease. Overall test accuracy declined from 92% correctly classified when 5% of the population was defined as "at high risk" to 55% when 50% of the population was defined as "at high risk". On a receiver operating curve, defining 5% of the men as "high risk" yielded a false positive rate of 5% and a true positive rate of 8%. Increasing the proportion of men defined as "at high risk" to 50% increased the true positive rate to 75% but also increased the false positive rate to over 50%. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that lowering mean serum cholesterol 0.78 mmol/l in the entire population would lower deaths from coronary heart disease by 28%. The same effect could be achieved by lowering the serum cholesterol of all people in the top 20% of the distribution to 4.66 mmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparative analysis of NK/T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma in Korea: Clinicopathological correlations and analysis of EBV strain type and 30-bp deletion variant LMP1

Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) and peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are prevalent in the Asian population and exhibit a high association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Moreover, differentiation of these two groups is often difficult and problematic. We investigated 35 cases of NKTL (22 nasal cases and 13 extranasal cases) and 30 cases of PTCL in terms of their clinical features, immunohistology, EBV positivity, EBV strain-type polymorphism and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) deletion variant distribution. Eighteen cases (82%) of nasal NKTL and seven (54%) of extranasal NKTL showed EBV positivity by EBV in situ hybridization. Fifteen cases (50%) of PTCL revealed EBV positivity. EBV strain type A was predominant in NKTL (18:5), and EBV strain types A and B were distributed evenly in PTCL (6:6). EBV-positive patients had significantly shorter survival than EBV-negative patients (P < 0.05), and EBV positivity correlated with advanced clinical stage (P < 0.05). Patients harboring type A EBV showed slightly poorer prognoses than those having type B, though it was not obviously statistically different (P = 0.07). The LMP1 deletion variant was prevalent in both NKTL (three wild-type LMP1, 15 deletion variants) and PTCL (three wild-type LMP1, eight deletion variants, two coexistent forms) patients, but did not have prognostic impact. Our results indicate that EBV acts as a negative prognostic factor in NKTL and PTCL, and that the intrinsic properties of a specific viral strain might influence the clinical behavior of these diseases.     

Morphine prevents glutamate-induced death of primary rat neonatal astrocytes through modulation of intracellular redox

This study is designed to investigate the effect of morphine on glutamate-induced toxicity of primary rat neonatal astrocytes. Glutamate decreases the intracellular GSH level, and thereby induces cytolysis of astrocytes and C6 glial cells accompanied by apoptotic features. Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity is protected by morphine and antioxidants such as GSH and NAC, whereas MK-801, an antagonist of glutamate receptor NMDA does not protect astrocytes against glutamate toxicity. Also, morphine antagonist, naloxone, as well as selective ligands for opioid receptor subtypes, including DAMGO, DPDPE, and U69593, do not inhibit the protective effect of morphine on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Morphine significantly prevents the depletion of GSH by glutamate and thereby inhibits the generation of H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, morphine prevents the change of mitochondrial permeability transition by glutamate. Taken together, we suggest that morphine protects the primary rat neonatal astrocytes from glutamate toxicity via modulation of intracellular redox status.     

Increase in gap junctional intercellular communication by high molecular weight hyaluronic acid associated with fibroblast growth factor 2 and keratinocyte growth factor production in normal human dermal fibroblasts

The effects of different molecular weights of hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of extracellular matrix, on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF cells) were investigated. NHDF cells were cultured for 4 days with different molecular weights of HA and then the extent of GJIC was assessed by the scrape-loading dye transfer method, using Lucifer yellow. The area of dye transfer was greater in the dishes coated with HA than in those to which HA was added. Thus, NHDF cells cultured on surfaces coated with high molecular weight (HMW) HA (MW, 800 kDa) showed greatly enhanced GJIC. Furthermore, another aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different molecular weights of HA on the production of FGF-2 and KGF, because both are important cytokines produced by NHDF cells. When FGF-2 and KGF cultured levels of cell extracts and media were determined by ELISA, both levels were significantly enhanced when cells were grown on plates coated with HMW HA. This finding indicated that the function of gap junction channels in NHDF cells grown on plates coated with HMW HA may promote the biosynthesis of growth factors such as FGF-2 and KGF.     

Negative conversion of antimitochondrial antibody in primary biliary cirrhosis: a case of autoimmune cholangitis

Autoimmune cholangitis is a clinical constellation of chronic cholestasis, histological changes of chronic nonsuppurative cholangitis and the presence of autoantibodies other than antimitochondrial antibody (AMA). It is uncertain whether this entity is definitely different from AMA positive primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), though it shows some differences. We report a case of autoimmune cholangitis in a 59-year-old woman, who had been previously diagnosed as AMA-positive PBC associated with rheumatoid arthritis, has been converted to an AMA-negative and anticentromere antibody-positive PBC during follow-up. The response to ursodeoxycholic acid treatment is poor except within the first few months, but prednisolone was dropping the biochemical laboratory data.     

Association of MICA polymorphism with HLA-B51 and disease severity in Korean patients with Behcet's disease

The HLA-B51 allele is known to be associated with Behcet's disease (BD) in many ethnic group. However, it has not yet been clarified whether the HLA-B51 gene itself is the pathogenic gene related to BD or whether it is some other gene in linkage disequlibrium with HLA-B51. Recently, the Triplet repeat (GCT/AGC) polymorphism in transmembrane region of the MHC class I chain-related A (MICA) gene was identified. To investigate the association of MICA with BD, we studied the MICA polymorphism in 108 Korean BD patients and 204 healthy controls in relation to the presence of HLA-B51 and clinical manifestations. The triplet repeat polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The phenotype frequency of the MICA*A6 allele (relative risk, RR=2.15, p=0.002) and HLA-B51(RR=1.87, p=0.022) were significantly increased in the Korean patients with BD. A strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the MICA*A6 and HLA-B51 in both the patients with BD and control subjects. Stratification analysis showed that MICA*A6 homozygosity was strongly associated with BD in the HLA-B51-negative population, and HLA-B51 was also associated with MICA*A6-negative population. In conclusion, MICA*A6 rather than HLA-B51 was strongly associated with Korean patients with BD, and the MICA*A6 allele is a useful susceptibility marker of BD, especially in the HLA-B5-negative