Dialysate cancer antigen 125 in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients

Structural and functional peritoneal membrane changes are associated with long-term peritoneal dialysis. These changes can lead to ultrafiltration failure and peritoneal fibrosis, reducing the efficacy of the peritoneal membrane to remove waste and balance fluid and electrolytes. The loss of mesothelial cells from the basement membrane is one of the major characteristics in peritoneal membrane structural change. Thus, if the reduction of peritoneal mesothelial cell mass in peritoneal dialysis patients is monitored, signs of ultrafiltration failure and peritoneal fibrosis can be detected early. One of biomarkers that can be used to indicate the change in peritoneal mesothelial cell mass is CA125, which is produced by mesothelial cells. In this article, we review the measurement and clinical use of CA125 in peritoneal dialysate effluent. Additionally, we address the data and studies on the association between dialysate CA125 levels and factors related to ultrafiltration failure and peritoneal fibrosis, including the parameters used to monitor the functional status of the peritoneal membrane. Our review shows that dialysate CA125 can be used to evaluate the peritoneal membrane in noninfected patients to predict peritoneal fibrosis, and it can also be used as a biomarker of biocompatible dialysis solutions.     

Effectiveness and tolerability of rosiglitazone on insulin resistance and body composition in nondiabetic Thai patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: A 12-week pilot study

Background: Patients with chronic renal insufficiency, especially those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), normally have insulin resistance due to deficiencies in insulin secretion and degradation, as well as tissue resistance to insulin at both receptor and postreceptor levels.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and tolerability of rosiglitazone on insulin resistance and body composition in patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing CAPD.Methods: This pilot study included a pretest and posttest with a repeated-measure design in a small number of patients. CAPD patients without DM received rosiglitazone 2-mg tablets BID for 12 weeks. Homeostasis Model Assessment Index of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were used to assess insulin resistance and body composition, respectively. Tolerability was assessed using laboratory analyses as well as physical examination findings to evaluate peripheral edema. Peripheral edema was assessed by the study investigators.Results: Thirteen Thai patients (mean [SD] age, 54.17 [11.42] years [range, 35-85 years]; body mass index [BMI], >20 to <30 kg/m²; fasting blood glucose [FBG] concentration, <5.39 mmol/L) were included in the study. One patient was withdrawn due to illness unrelated to the study. No significant difference was found in FBG concentration between baseline and posttreatment (after 12 weeks of treatment) (5.45 [0.59] vs 5.24 [0.51] mmol/L), but fasting plasma insulin concentrations (28.50 [23.70] vs 10.15 [4.22] μIU/mL; P = 0.005) and HOMA-IR score (6.70 [5.23] vs 2.40 [1.15]; P = 0.011) were significantly lower. There were no significant changes in weight or BMI from baseline to posttreatment. Seven subjects (58.3%) experienced weight gain at week 4, while 2 patients (16.7%) still had weight gain after 12 weeks of treatment. A significant increase was found between baseline and posttreatment in total body water (38.03 [4.55] vs 42.44 [5.99] L; P = 0.018), extracellular fluid (20.24 [3.75] vs 26.22 [8.69] L; P = 0.005), plasma fluid (4.29 [0.80] vs 5.20 [0.93] L; P = 0.005), and interstitial fluid (14.99 [2.78] vs 17.68 [3.07] L; P = 0.040). Using BIA, no significant changes were observed in intracellular fluid, fat mass, or liver function. After 12 weeks of rosiglitazone administration, 2 patients (16.7%) had mild edema.Conclusions: Rosiglitazone 2 mg BID for 12 weeks was associated with significantly improved insulin resistance in this small group of nondiabetic Thai patients undergoing CAPD. There was a significant increase in total body water and extracellular fluid after administration of rosiglitazone for 12 weeks. There were no significant changes in FBG, weight, or BMI.     

Effectiveness of renal-specific oral nutritional supplements compared with diet counseling in malnourished hemodialysis patients

Background

Malnutrition is highly prevalent and a consequence of inflammation and related comorbidities among patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) is recommended for malnourished patients with kidney failure. The study aimed to evaluate renal-specific oral nutrition (ONCE dialyze) supplement on nutritional status in patients on hemodialysis.

Methods

Patients were randomized into 3 groups; treatment groups received 370 kcal/day of ONCE Dialyze (N?=?26) or 370 kcal/day of NEPRO (N?=?30) for 30 days. The control group (N?=?24) received no intervention. All patients were counseled by the same registered dietitian during the study. The nutritional status was evaluated using malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) assessment, body compositions, serum albumin and pre-albumin levels at baseline and 30 days.

Results

Eighty patients were analyzed with mean age of 57.2?±?15.9 years. The intervention group exhibited significant improvements in energy, protein, fat, fiber and magnesium intake by dietary interview compared with the control group. Percentage of changes in MIS was ? 29.0% (95% CI ? 40.5 to ? 17.4), ? 23.9% (95% CI ? 37.2 to ? 10.6) and 12.1% (95% CI ? 19.2 to 43.4) for the ONCE dialyze, NEPRO and control groups, respectively (overall P?=?0.006). Percentage of changes in serum albumin was 5.3% (95% CI 1.9–8.7), 3.3% (95% CI ? 0.1 to 6.7) and ? 0.8% (95% CI ? 4.3 to 2.7) for the ONCE dialyze, NEPRO, and control groups, respectively (overall P?=?0.039; P?=?0.043 for ONCE dialyze vs. control). No serious adverse effects were reported in any group.

Conclusion

Dietary advice combined with ONS especially ONCE dialyze was associated with improved MIS, serum albumin, dietary energy and macronutrient intake among patients with kidney failure on maintenance hemodialysis.

Clinical trial registration

TCTR20200801001.

     

Metabolic syndrome and its relation to chronic kidney disease in a Southeast Asian population

The metabolic syndrome has been documented to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, there are few studies of this in developing countries. A total of 15,357 participants of a standardized check-up, included metabolic screening, were enrolled. Metabolic syndrome was defined using criteria modified from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate <60 m/min per 1.73 m2. Eighty point four percent of participants were men and 2,228 (14.5%) had CKD. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent among CKD subjects than non-CKD subjects (modified NCEP-ATP III, 30.1% vs 24.4%; p < 0.001; modified IDF 26.9% vs 23.1%; p < 0.001, respectively). Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, high blood pressure and impaired fasting glucose were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of CKD. There was also a significant graded relationship between the number of metabolic syndrome components and the prevalence of CKD. Participants with metabolic syndrome according to the modified NCEP-ATP III and modified IDF criteria had a 1.34-fold increase in adjusted odds ratio (95% CI 1.21-1.49) and a 1.20-fold increase in adjusted odds ratio (95% CI 1.08-1.33), respectively, compared to those without metabolic syndrome. Our study demonstrated metabolic syndrome defined with modified NCEP-ATP III and modified IDF criteria was significantly associated with increased prevalence of CKD in a Southeast Asian population.