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Julia Ebert Jan Peter Sperhake Olaf Degen Ann Sophie Schröder 《Forensic science, medicine, and pathology》2018,14(3):332-341
In Hamburg, Germany, the initiation of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (HIV PEP) in cases of sexual violence is often carried out by forensic medical specialists (FMS) using the city’s unique Hamburg Model. FMS-provided three-day HIV PEP starter packs include a combination of raltegravir and emtricitabine/tenofovir. This study aimed to investigate the practice of offering HIV PEP, reasons for discontinuing treatment, patient compliance, and whether or not potential perpetrators were tested for HIV. We conducted a retrospective study of forensic clinical examinations carried out by the Hamburg Department of Legal Medicine following incidents of sexual violence from 2009 to 2016. One thousand two hundred eighteen incidents of sexual violence were reviewed. In 18% of these cases, HIV PEP was initially prescribed by the FMS. HIV PEP indication depended on the examination occurring within 24 h after the incident, no/unknown condom use, the occurrence of ejaculation, the presence of any injury, and the perpetrator being from population at high risk for HIV. Half of the HIV PEP recipients returned for a reevaluation of the HIV PEP indication by an infectious disease specialist, and just 16% completed the full month of treatment. Only 131 potential perpetrators were tested for HIV, with one found to be HIV positive. No HIV seroconversion was registered among the study sample. Provision of HIV PEP by an FMS after sexual assault ensures appropriate and prompt care for victims. However, patient compliance and completion rates are low. HIV testing of perpetrators must be carried out much more rigorously. 相似文献
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In Simian virus 40 (SV40) transgenic BALB/c WAP-T mice tumor development and progression is driven by SV40 tumor antigens encoded by inducible transgenes. WAP-T mice constitute a well characterized mouse model for breast cancer with strong similarities to the corresponding human disease. BALB/c mice mount only a weak cellular immune response against SV40 T-antigen (T-Ag). For studying tumor antigen specific CD8+ T-cell responses against transgene expressing cells, we created WAP-TNP mice, in which the transgene additionally codes for the NP118–126-epitope contained within the nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the immune-dominant T-cell epitope in BALB/c mice. We then investigated in WAP-TNP mice the immune responses against SV40 tumor antigens and the NP-epitope within the chimeric T-Ag/NP protein (T-AgNP). Analysis of the immune-reactivity against T-Ag in WAP-T and of T-AgNP in WAP-TNP mice revealed that, in contrast to wild type (wt) BALB/c mice, WAP-T and WAP-TNP mice were non-reactive against T-Ag. However, like wtBALB/c mice, WAP-T as well as WAP-TNP mice were highly reactive against the immune-dominant LCMV NP-epitope, thereby allowing the analysis of NP-epitope specific cellular immune responses in WAP-TNP mice. LCMV infection of WAP-TNP mice induced a strong, LCMV NP-epitope specific CD8+ T-cell response, which was able to specifically eliminate T-AgNP expressing mammary epithelial cells both prior to tumor formation (i.e. in cells of lactating mammary glands), as well as in invasive tumors. Elimination of tumor cells, however, was only transient, even after repeated LCMV infections. Further studies showed that already non-infected WAP-TNP tumor mice contained LCMV NP-epitope specific CD8+ T-cells, albeit with strongly reduced, though measurable activity. Functional impairment of these ‘endogenous’ NP-epitope specific T-cells seems to be caused by expression of the programmed death-1 protein (PD1), as anti-PD1 treatment of splenocytes from WAP-TNP tumor mice restored their activity. These characteristics are similar to those found in many tumor patients and render WAP-TNP mice a suitable model for analyzing parameters to overcome the blockade of immune checkpoints in tumor patients. 相似文献
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Johanna Diekmann Lirija Alili Okka Scholz Melanie Giesen Olaf Holtktter Peter Brenneisen 《Experimental dermatology》2016,25(1):56-61
Human skin undergoes morphological, biochemical and functional modifications during the ageing process. This study was designed to produce a 3‐dimensional (3D) skin equivalent in vitro reflecting some aspects of in vivo aged skin. Reconstructed skin was generated by co‐culturing skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes on a collagen–glycosaminoglycan–chitosan scaffold, and ageing was induced by the exposition of fibroblasts to Mitomycin‐C (MMC). Recently published data showed that MMC treatment resulted in a drug‐induced accelerated senescence (DIAS) in human dermal fibroblast cultures. Next to established ageing markers, histological changes were analysed in comparison with in vivo aged skin. In aged epidermis, the filaggrin expression is reduced in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in dermal tissue, the amount of elastin and collagen is lowered in aged skin in vivo as well as after the treatment of 3D skin equivalents with MMC in vitro. Our results show histological signs and some aspects of ageing in a 3D skin equivalent in vitro, which mimics aged skin in vivo. 相似文献
68.
Soledad Camacho‐Lovillo M.D. Jose Bernabeu‐Wittel M.D. Estíbaliz Iglesias‐Jimenez M.D. Doloresm Falcón‐Neyra M.D. Olaf Neth M.D. 《Pediatric dermatology》2013,30(4):e63-e64
Abstract: We present the case of a 3‐month‐old child with probable catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome who, after initial successful management with immunomodulary therapies including rituximab, experienced a cutaneous relapse. This rare event was successfully re‐treated with repeated administration of rituximab, supporting its role in the control of this disorder. Dermatologic manifestations may be the main clinical presentation of antiphospholipid syndrome, a possible underdiagnosed but potentially fatal pathology. 相似文献
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Olaf L Cremer 《Critical care (London, England)》2009,13(6):1012-2
The propofol infusion syndrome is a potentially devastating cardiovascular and metabolic derangement that has been described
in both pediatric and adult patients sedated with propofol. Despite a large number of case reports that have appeared in the
literature since 1992, the precise clinical features and pathophysiology of this disorder remain uncertain. Historically,
the syndrome has been characterized by the occurrence of lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and circulatory collapse after several
days of high-dose propofol infusion. The affected patients were typically young and critically ill, and the reported mortality
was high. More recently, a number of atypical cases have been reported with favorable outcomes. These occurred after short-term
or lower-dose infusions in noncritically ill patients in whom generally only a subset of the classical syndrome features was
observed. It remains unclear whether these reports reflect true propofol infusion syndrome detected at an earlier and more
salvageable stage, or mere associations with the use of sedative agents in general. Without better information on the true
incidence of the propofol infusion syndrome, clinical guidelines on the safe use of this drug remain unsupported by good evidence. 相似文献