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961.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) in ICU patients is typically associated with other severe conditions that require special attention
when renal replacement therapy (RRT) is performed. RRT includes a wide range of techniques, each with specific characteristics
and implications for use in ICU patients. In the present review we discuss a wide range of conditions that can occur in ICU
patients who have AKI, and the implications this has for RRT. Patients at increased risk for bleeding should be treated without
anticoagulation or with regional citrate anticoagulation. In patients who are haemodynamically unstable, continuous therapies
are most often employed. These therapies allow slow removal of volume and guarantee a stable blood pH. In patients with cerebral
oedema, continuous therapy is recommended in order to prevent decreased cerebral blood flow, which will lead to cerebral ischemia.
Continuous therapy will also prevent sudden change in serum osmolality with aggravation of cerebral oedema. Patients with
hyponatraemia, as in liver failure or decompensated heart failure, require extra attention because a rapid increase of serum
sodium concentration can lead to irreversible brain damage through osmotic myelinolysis. Finally, in patients with severe
lactic acidosis, RRT can be used as a bridging therapy, awaiting correction of the underlying cause. Especially in ICU patients
who have severe AKI, treatment with RRT requires balancing the pros and cons of different options and modalities. Exact and
specific guidelines for RRT in these patients are not available for most clinical situations. In the present article we provide
an update on the existing evidence. 相似文献
962.
R Condliffe DG Kiely JS Gibbs PA Corris AJ Peacock DP Jenkins K Goldsmith JG Coghlan J Pepke-Zaba 《The European respiratory journal》2009,33(2):332-338
Several prognostic variables have previously been identified in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Specific medical conditions have also been associated with the development and prognosis of CTEPH. Using a national registry, the current authors have assessed the prognostic value of a larger number of variables and have also attempted to validate the clinical importance of previously identified aetiological factors. Baseline information for all 469 CTEPH patients diagnosed in the UK pulmonary hypertension service between January 2001 and June 2006 was collected from hospital records. Although univariate analysis confirmed the prognostic importance of pulmonary resistance, in multivariate analysis gas transfer and exercise capacity predicted pulmonary endarterectomy perioperative mortality. Cardiac index and exercise capacity independently predicted outcome in patients with nonoperable disease. Previous splenectomy was noted in 6.7% of patients, being significantly more common in patients with nonoperable than operable disease (13.7 versus 3.6%). Medical risk factors were not found to predict mortality. In a large national cohort, predictors of outcome in patients with both operable and nonoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension have been identified. These may be useful in planning treatment. The aetiological importance of previously identified medical risk factors has been confirmed, although the current authors were unable to validate their prognostic strength. 相似文献
963.
Gijsbert M Overdevest Pim AJ Luijsterburg Ronald Brand Bart W Koes Sita MA Bierma-Zeinstra Just AH Eekhof Carmen LAM Vleggeert-Lankamp Wilco C Peul 《BMC musculoskeletal disorders》2011,12(1):57
Background
Degenerative changes of lumbar spine anatomy resulting in the encroachment of neural structures are often regarded progressive, ultimately necessitating decompressive surgery. However the natural course is not necessarily progressive and the efficacy of a variety of nonsurgical interventions has also been described. At present there is insufficient data to compare surgical and nonsurgical interventions in terms of their relative benefit and safety. Previous attempts failed to provide clear clinical recommendations or to distinguish subgroups that substantially benefit from a certain treatment strategy. We present the design of a randomized controlled trial on (cost-) effectiveness of surgical decompression versus prolonged conservative treatment in patients with neurogenic intermittent claudication caused by lumbar stenosis. 相似文献964.
Borzo Gharibi Anju A Abraham Jack Ham Bronwen AJ Evans 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2011,26(9):2112-2124
Osteoblasts and adipocytes differentiate from a common precursor cell, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Adenosine is known to signal via four adenosine receptor subtypes, and significantly, recent findings indicate that these may play a role in MSC differentiation. We therefore investigated adenosine receptor expression and activation during the differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts and adipocytes. The A2BR was dominant in MSCs, and its expression and activity were transiently upregulated at early stages of osteoblastic differentiation. Both activation and overexpression of A2BR induced the expression of osteoblast‐related genes [Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], as well as ALP activity, and stimulation increased osteoblast mineralization. The expression of A2AR was upregulated during later stages of osteoblastic differentiation, when its activation stimulated ALP activity. Differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes was accompanied by significant increases in A1R and A2AR expression, and their activation was associated with increased adipogenesis. Enhanced A2AR expression was sufficient to promote expression of adipocyte‐related genes (PPARγ and C/EBPα), and its activation resulted in increased adipocytic differentiation and lipid accumulation. In contrast, the A1R was involved mainly in lipogenic activity of adipocytes rather than in their differentiation. These results show that adenosine receptors are differentially expressed and involved in lineage‐specific differentiation of MSCs. We conclude, therefore, that fruitful strategies for treating diseases associated with an imbalance in the differentiation and function of these lineages should include targeting adenosine receptor signal pathways. Specifically, these research avenues will be useful in preventing or treating conditions with insufficient bone or excessive adipocyte formation. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 相似文献
965.
Maretha Opperman AJ Spinnler Benade De Wet Marais 《Cardiovascular journal of Africa》2011,22(6):324-329
Introduction
Substantial evidence describes the protective effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular diseases as well as many other conditions. Numerous fatty acid preparations are marketed for supplementing the Western diet, which is low in n-3 fats. Since these preparations may vary in their n-3 PUFA content, we tested 45 commercially available products on the South African market for their fatty acid composition.Method
Forty-five commercially available n-3 fatty acid supplements were analysed using gas–liquid chromatography to determine their fatty acid content.Results
More than half of the n-3 supplements available on the South African market contained ≤ 89% of the claimed content of EPA and/or DHA as stated on the product labels. To meet ISSFAL’s recommendation of 500 mg EPA + DHA/day can cost consumers between R2 and R5 per person per day (R60 to R150 p/p/month). Regarding rancidity, the majority of capsules contained conjugated diene (CD) levels higher than that of vegetable oil obtained from opened containers (three months) used for domestic cooking purposes, despite the addition of vitamin E as antioxidant.Conclusion
Since no formal regulatory structure for dietary supplements currently exists in South Africa, consumers depend on self-regulation within the nutraceutical industry for assurance of product quality, consistency, potency and purity. Our results indicate that more than half of the n-3 fatty acid supplements on the South African market do not contain the claimed EPA and/or DHA contents as stated on product labels, and they contained CD levels higher than that in unused vegetable oils obtained from opened containers used for domestic cooking purposes. 相似文献966.
967.
Background and purpose:
The current study was designed to: (i) examine whether functional interactions occur between receptors known to regulate alcohol self-administration; and (ii) characterize relapse to alcohol seeking following abstinence.Experimental approach:
The selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (0.03–1.0 mg·kg−1 i.p.) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in ethanol self-administration in ethanol-preferring Indiana-preferring rats. SR141716A was then co-administered with either the selective glutamate metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) or the selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist . SCH58261Key results:
When administered at individually sub-threshold doses, a combination of SR141716A (0.1 mg·kg−1) and (0.5 mg·kg−1 i.p.) produced a reduction (28%) in ethanol self-administration. Combinations of threshold doses of SR141716A (0.3 mg·kg−1) and SCH58261 (2.0 mg·kg−1, i.p.) caused an essentially additive reduction (68%) in alcohol self-administration. A combination of individually sub-threshold doses of CB1 and mGlu5 receptor antagonists did not affect alcohol self-administration; however, combined threshold doses of SR141716A (0.3 mg·kg−1) and MTEP (1.0 mg·kg−1 i.p.) did reduce ethanol self-administration markedly (80%). Cue-conditioned alcohol seeking was attenuated by pretreatment with MTEP (1.0 mg·kg−1) co-administered with SR141716A (0.3 mg·kg−1 i.p.). In contrast, SCH58261 (2.0 mg·kg−1) co-administered with SR141716A (0.3 mg·kg−1 i.p.) did not reduce cue-conditioned alcohol seeking. SCH58261Conclusions and implications:
Adenosine A2A and cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulated alcohol self-administration additively, but combined low-dose antagonism of these receptors did not prevent cue-conditioned alcohol seeking after abstinence. In contrast, combined low-dose antagonism of mGlu5 and CB1 receptors did prevent relapse-like alcohol seeking after abstinence, suggesting a prominent role for mGlu5 receptors in this paradigm. 相似文献968.
969.
Two patients with atypical multicentric reticulohistiocytosis are reported. Skin rigidity with mobile rubbery nodules, and telangiectases, are typical of this disease and occurred around the eyes and elsewhere. One patient also had subconjunctival nodules and corneal crystal formation probably due to her paraproteinaemia.
Some literature on this disease and on the occurrence of corneal crystal deposition in dysproteinaemia is reviewed. 相似文献
Some literature on this disease and on the occurrence of corneal crystal deposition in dysproteinaemia is reviewed. 相似文献
970.