Epidemiology and Molecular Analyses of Influenza B Viruses in Senegal from 2010 to 2019

Influenza virus types A and B are responsible for acute viral infections that affect annually 1 billion people, with 290,000 to 650,000 deaths worldwide. In this study, we investigated the circulation of influenza B viruses over a 10-year period (2010–2019). Specimens from patients suspected of influenza infection were collected. Influenza detection was performed following RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR. Genes coding for hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B viruses were partially sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out subsequently. During the study period, we received and tested a total of 15,156 specimens. Influenza B virus was detected in 1322 (8.7%) specimens. The mean age of influenza B positive patients was 10.9 years. When compared to reference viruses, HA genes from Senegalese circulating viruses showed deletions in the HA1 region. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted the co-circulation of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses with reassortant viruses. We also noted a clear seasonal pattern of circulation of influenza B viruses in Senegal.     

Indications de la gastrostomie d’alimentation chez l’enfant: à propos de 77 cas colligés au service de chirurgie pédiatrique du CHU Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar, Sénégal

Objective

To describe the main indications for gastrostomy feeding in our context of developing countries.

Patients and methods

Our work is a retrospective study of 10 years (January 1999-April 2009) made in the service of Pediatric Surgery of the University Hospital Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar. She has collected 77 cases of children who underwent gastrostomy feeding. There were 45 boys and 32 girls, mean age 2.17 years (range 3 days and 14 years). To determine the indications in our study population, we assessed the nutritional status, swallowing disorders, and finally identified the basic pathologies.

Results

Children had a swallowing disorder (100%), combined with a growth disorder to thrive in 71.42%of cases. The caustic injuries of the esophagus represent approximately 72.72% of the signs of gastrostomy feeding. Esophageal fistula in second place with 12.99% of representativeness. Craniofacial trauma in last place with 2.6% of cases.

Conclusion

Dysphagia associated with malnutrition on field caustic injuries of the esophagus is the main indications for gastrostomy feeding in children in our context of developing countries.     

Tétanos néonatal et de la femme en âge de procréer à la clinique des maladies infectieuses de Dakar

Objectives

This study had for aim to describe and compare the epidemiological, clinical and outcome features of tetanus in neonates (NT) and women of child bearing age (WCBAT) in Dakar.

Patients and method

This retrospective study was made on NT (3 to 28 days of age) and WCBAT (15 to 49 years of age) patient files, admitted in the Fann University Hospital Infectious Diseases Clinic from 2000 to 2007.

Results

One hundred and thirty-eight WCBAT (11.9%) and 103 NT (8.9%), for a total of 1156 cases of tetanus were admitted. A decrease of the annual rate of these populations was noted over this 8 year period.The majority (59.4%) of WCBAT was between 15 and 25 years of age and the mean age of NT was 9.3 days. Most of the patients in both groups came from suburban areas (78%). The tetanus immunization status was not updated for 92% of WCBAT. The most frequent portals of entry were cutaneous wounds for WCBAT (77.4%) and umbilical stumps for NT (85.4%). On admission, 64% of NT presented with severe tetanus (stage III on the Mollaret scale) compared to 11.6% for WCBAT. The death rate was significantly higher in NT (48.5%) than in WCBAT (26.8%); p = 0.0005.

Conclusion

To eliminate neonatal tetanus, the prognosis of which is worse in Dakar, an intensification of the large vaccination program is needed with supplementary vaccination campaigns including women of child bearing age in areas of risk.     

Treatment of Baume class IV pulp diseases with calcium hydroxide: a clinical experimental study in Dakar]

The calcium hydroxide used as intracanalar temporary medication in modern endodontics, is the aim of this clinical and radiographic appraisal of endodontic treatment during two sessions (HESS J. C. and all. 1990); on 22 mature permanent teeth with peri apical lesion. In this second Dakar serial study, the mediate disinfection during 6 weeks in average, was followed by a root canal filling for: 11 mono-radicular teeth by compactage of gutta percha, adjusted monocone for 11 pluri-radicular teeth; and so by definitive coronal restoration. The direct magistral preparations used in this study are not expensive, but simple and efficient; our endodontic processing (pre-treatment and treatment) end up at clinical silence and radiographic apical healing in 90.91% of cases after 9 months for 66.67% of root canal filling located at the safety apical limit.     

Outcome of endodontic retreatments at the Institute of Ondonto-Stomatology of Dakar (from 1986 to 1997]

The retrospective study on the endodontic retreatments done at the Odonto-Stomatology Institute of Dakar from 1986 to 1997 shows a small rate of 1.94% (unreached canalar root filling) for 4325 endodontic treatments. The endodontic retreatments concern almost women (54.76%), ageing between 20 to 30 years (45.24%); maxillary central incisors (21.43%) and first molars (21.43%). The clinical reason having conducted to a retreatment is prosthetic (46.4%) and symptomatic (38.10%); the immediate success rate of these retreatment stays favourable at 59.52%.     

Vascular complications of infective endocarditis

The complications of infective endocarditis (IE) are frequent and severe. Our objectives were to analyze the clinical, paraclinical, and prognostic features of IE vascular complications observed in two cardiology units, in Dakar.