Case Report: Halicephalobus gingivalis: A Rare Cause of Fatal Meningoencephalomyelitis in Humans

The genus Halicephalobus consists of eight species of free-living nematodes. Only one species (H. gingivalis) has been reported to infect vertebrates. Human infection is extremely rare, and only four cases have been reported in the literature. These nematodes seem to exhibit neurotropism, but their life cycle, mode of infection, and risk factors are poorly understood. Neurohelminthiases are not commonly recognized in the United States and when they do occur, pose great diagnostic challenges because of lack of appropriate non-invasive screening and/or confirmatory tests. We report a challenging case of meningoencephalomyelitis caused by a Halicephalobus sp., in which the patient had a rapidly deteriorating clinical course. The case did not raise any clinical suspicion of neurohelminthiases, although increased eosinophils were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. This case presents an opportunity to highlight the importance of considering parasitic infection in meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis presenting atypically.     

Activation time course of activator protein-1 and effect of proline dithiocarbamate during ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle

In this report the authors describe a new method that avoids autocannibalization by free transfer of a flap to the dorsum of the rat by means of a simple exposure technique. A total of 22 Wistar rats of both sexes (weight, 200-290 g) were used in this experiment. An anatomic study performed in 12 rats revealed that a wide exposure could be created in the axillary fossa by retracting the inferior tip of the scapular bone superiorly (after severing its attachments with the deep extrinsic back muscles), the latissimus dorsi muscle laterally, and the serratus anterior muscle medially. Furthermore, after obtaining vessel diameter measurements, it was ascertained that the subscapular and the lateral thoracic vessels could serve as the recipient vessels. Based on the anatomic study, a total of 10 conventional groin cutaneous flaps, measuring 2 x 3 cm in size, were harvested based on the femoral vessels and transferred to the dorsum of the same animal by the exposure method as just described, with microvascular anastomoses performed between the femoral vessels of the flap and either the subscapular artery and the lateral thoracic vein (N = 5) or the lateral thoracic artery and vein (N = 5). Results showed that 9 of the 10 transplanted flaps were totally viable on postoperative day 7, giving a success rate of 90%, with one failing flap belonging to the latter group. The authors conclude that by this simple method of recipient vessel exposure in the axillary fossa, free flap transfer to the dorsum of the rat is a simple and reproducible technique by microvascular anastomoses performed between the pedicle vessels of a flap and the subscapular artery and the lateral thoracic vein. This model offers the unique advantage of a dorsally located flap that is protected by autocannibalization. Moreover, daily observation and monitoring of the flap are easy and practical without the need to have the animal wear protective material such as vest.     

Multiple-gland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism: a function of operative approach?

HYPOTHESIS: The approach to surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is controversial. To determine whether routine bilateral neck exploration increases the detection of multiple-gland disease compared with a focused unilateral approach, we compared the incidence of single vs multiple-gland disease in patients undergoing surgical treatment for PHPT as a function of unilateral or bilateral exploration. DATA SOURCES: From 1993 through 1997, 214 consecutive patients underwent initial bilateral neck exploration for PHPT by a single surgeon. Each patient underwent the surgical procedure without prior localizing studies. Four parathyroid glands were identified, and abnormal glands were excised. The results were compared with published studies of patients who underwent either bilateral neck exploration or focused unilateral neck exploration for PHPT. STUDY SELECTION: All reported studies from 1995 through 2001 in a MEDLINE search using the terms "parathyroidectomy" or "primary hyperparathyroidism and surgery" and either "bilateral" or "conventional" or "minimally invasive," "selective," or "unilateral." DATA EXTRACTION: The studies were analyzed for numbers of patients and a final diagnosis of either a single adenoma or multiple-gland disease (double adenoma or hyperplasia). Proportions were compared statistically with a chi(2) test. DATA SYNTHESIS: In our series of 214 patients who underwent bilateral neck exploration, 79.4% had a single adenoma, and 20.6% had multiple-gland disease. Of 2166 patients in 14 studies who underwent bilateral neck exploration, 79.7% had a single adenoma, and 19.3% had multiple-gland disease. Of 2095 patients in 31 studies with a focused unilateral approach, 92.5% had a single adenoma, whereas only 5.3% had multiple-gland disease. The incidence of multiple-gland disease was significantly lower among patients treated with a focused unilateral approach compared with a bilateral approach as used in our series and the literature (P<.001). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that a focused unilateral surgical approach for PHPT may underestimate the incidence of multiple-gland disease.     

Predictors of short and long term outcome in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a prospective longitudinal study

Background  

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFP) is a common musculoskeletal condition that has a tendency to become chronic and problematic in a proportion of affected individuals. The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors that may have clinical utility in predicting poor outcome on measures of pain and function in individuals with PFP.     

A large pleural effusion in a patient receiving peritoneal dialysis

Hydrothorax as a complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a rare but recognized event. Proposed mechanisms for the development of a pleuro-peritoneal communication include congenital diaphragmatic defects, acquired weakening of diaphragmatic fibers caused by high intra-abdominal pressures during peritoneal dialysis, and impairments in lymphatic drainage. Pleural fluid analysis and diagnostic imaging assist in differentiation from other causes of pleural effusion. Nearly 50% of patients with this diagnosis have resolution of hydrothorax after temporary cessation of PD with interim hemodialysis for 2-6 weeks. Historically, other treatment options have included conventional pleurodesis and open thoracotomy with direct repair, producing variable results. With the advent of video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS), surgical repairs and pleurodesis are now frequently performed under direct visualization with minimal invasiveness. We report a case of hydrothorax in a patient after recent introduction to peritoneal dialysis. Pleuro-peritoneal communication was documented with thoracentesis and radionuclide scanning. VATS pleurodesis with talc was performed. Repeat scintigraphy performed 1 week after the procedure revealed no residual communication, and patient was able to resume PD without further complications.     

Preoperative beta-blocker use: impact of national guidelines on clinical practice

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if recommendations regarding perioperative beta-blocker therapy were followed by an increase in the number of eligible presurgical patients receiving beta-blockers and the number achieving the recommended heart rate (HR <60 beats per minute [bpm]). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: Tertiary-care teaching hospital. MEASUREMENTS: The records of all 718 patients who underwent elective vascular surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting between January 2001 and March 2002 (pre-guideline) and those who did so between April 2002 and September 2003 (post-guideline) were reviewed. Percentage of eligible patients who received beta-blockers preoperatively and the target HR achieved in pre-guideline versus post-guideline patients were recorded. Differences were assessed using the unpaired t test and chi2 analysis. A P value of less than 0.05 is reported. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty percent of the post-guideline patients in the vascular surgery group were receiving beta-blockers at the time of preanesthetic evaluation versus 48% of pre-guideline patients (P = nonsignificant [NS]). Mean HR in the vascular surgery post-guideline beta-blocker group (70 +/- 14 bpm) was higher than in the pre-guideline beta-blocker group (65 +/- 11 bpm) (P < 0.01). Only 22% of those vascular surgery patients in the post-guideline group who were taking beta-blockers achieved the target HR of less than 60 bpm versus 29% of the vascular surgery patients taking beta-blockers in the pre-guideline group (P = NS). In the coronary artery bypass grafting group, 80% of post-guideline patients received beta-blocker before anesthesia assessment versus 75% of pre-guideline patients (P = NS). Mean HR in the post-guideline beta-blocker group (67 +/- 15 bpm) was similar to the pre-guideline beta-blocker group (64 +/- 13 bpm) (P = NS). Only 28% of the post-guideline patients who were receiving beta-blockers achieved the target HR of less than 60 bpm, which was not significantly different from the 17% achieved in the pre-guideline group (P = NS). CONCLUSION: At our institution, preoperative beta-blocker use was not significantly changed by publication of the recommendations.     

Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children

A random urine calcium/creatinine ratio (UCa/Cr) is of practical use in screening for hypercalciuria. However, due to worldwide variations, reference values for the pediatric population are not yet well established. Furthermore, no study has been conducted to establish normal UCa/Cr values in young African-American (AA) children. It has also been previously reported that an elevated UCa/Cr is related to a high urine Na/K ratio (UNa/K). The objectives of the present study were: (1) to set normal values of random UCa/Cr by age and race in the pediatric population of Metropolitan Kansas City, (2) to identify potential racial differences in UCa/Cr between Caucasian (CS) and AA children, and (3) to determine the relationship between UCa/Cr and UNa/K in healthy children.A total of 368 healthy children of both genders were enrolled in the study. They were divided into four age groups as follows: (1) <7 months, (2) 8–18 months, (3) 19 months to 6 years, and (4) 7–16 years. Each group was subdivided into AA and CS. A non-fasting random urine specimen from each subject was analyzed for Ca, Na, K and creatinine.The median UCa/Cr values for AA were: (1) 0.13, (2) 0.09, (3) 0.06, and (4) 0.04 and for CS they were (1) 0.26, (2) 0.11, (3) 0.10, and (4) 0.09. The data showed a strong inverse relationship between UCa/Cr and age, the youngest children demonstrating the highest UCa/Cr. In each age group, UCa/Cr in CS exceeded the corresponding value in AA. The age-dependent 95th percentiles of UCa/Cr values for CS were (1) 0.70, (2) 0.50, (3) 0.28, and (4) 0.20 and for AA they were (1) 0.38 and (3) 0.24. Due to outliers, the 95th percentile could not be established for the other two AA subgroups. The relationship between UCa/Cr and UNa/K was found to be extremely weak in both AA (r ² =0.00005) and CS (r ² =0.02). On the other hand, a strong linear correlation was observed between UNa/K and age (CS r ² =0.23, P<0.001, AA r ² =0.19, P<0.001), explaining in part the lack of correlation between UNa/K and UCa/Cr.We conclude that the child’s age, ethnicity and geographic location should be taken into consideration when assessing UCa/Cr ratio. Contrary to what has previously been reported in hypercalciuric children, no significant relationship was found between UCa/Cr and UNa/K in healthy children. Received: 7 June 2000 / Revised: 21 September 2000 / Accepted: 23 September 2000