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21.
Metabolic Brain Disease - Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The conventional therapeutic... 相似文献
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Turan Şenol Boysan Murat Tarakçıoğlu Mahmut Cem Sağlam Tarık Yassa Ahmet Bakay Hasan Demirel Ömer Faruk Tosun Musa 《Archives of sexual behavior》2021,50(3):885-895
Archives of Sexual Behavior - We compared gender dysphoria (GD) patients and their same-sex siblings in terms of their 2D:4D ratios, which may reflect prenatal exposure to androgen, one of the... 相似文献
25.
Bali Pulendran 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2014,111(34):12300-12306
Homo sapiens are genetically diverse, but dramatic demographic and socioeconomic changes during the past century have created further diversification with respect to age, nutritional status, and the incidence of associated chronic inflammatory disorders and chronic infections. These shifting demographics pose new challenges for vaccination, as emerging evidence suggests that age, the metabolic state, and chronic infections can exert major influences on the immune system. Thus, a key public health challenge is learning how to reprogram suboptimal immune systems to induce effective vaccine immunity. Recent advances have applied systems biological analysis to define molecular signatures induced early after vaccination that correlate with and predict the later adaptive immune responses in humans. Such “systems vaccinology” approaches offer an integrated picture of the molecular networks driving vaccine immunity, and are beginning to yield novel insights about the immune system. Here we discuss the promise of systems vaccinology in probing humanity’s diverse immune systems, and in delineating the impact of genes, the environment, and the microbiome on protective immunity induced by vaccination. Such insights will be critical in reengineering suboptimal immune systems in immunocompromised populations. 相似文献
26.
Willie M. U. Daniels Ianthe L. Pitout Thomas J. O. Afullo Musa V. Mabandla 《Metabolic brain disease》2009,24(4):629-641
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is emitted from electromagnetic fields that surround power lines, household appliances and
mobile phones. Research has shown that there are connections between EMR exposure and cancer and also that exposure to EMR
may result in structural damage to neurons. In a study by Salford et al. (Environ Health Perspect 111:881–883, 2003) the authors demonstrated the presence of strongly stained areas in the brains of rats that were exposed to mobile phone
EMR. These darker neurons were particularly prevalent in the hippocampal area of the brain. The aim of our study was to further
investigate the effects of EMR. Since the hippocampus is involved in learning and memory and emotional states, we hypothesised
that EMR will have a negative impact on the subject’s mood and ability to learn. We subsequently performed behavioural, histological
and biochemical tests on exposed and unexposed male and female rats to determine the effects of EMR on learning and memory,
emotional states and corticosterone levels. We found no significant differences in the spatial memory test, and morphological
assessment of the brain also yielded non-significant differences between the groups. However, in some exposed animals there
were decreased locomotor activity, increased grooming and a tendency of increased basal corticosterone levels. These findings
suggested that EMR exposure may lead to abnormal brain functioning. 相似文献
27.
Background
Dental caries is still the most prevalent chronic disease worldwide. In the occupied Palestinian territory, data about oral health status and its determinants are scarce. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among schoolchildren in a random sample of marginalised schools in the West Bank.Methods
Marginalised schools (according to the School Support Program [SPP] criteria) were stratified by district, gender, and grade level to select a random sample of 20 schools. Students in the sixth and ninth grades were interviewed by senior dental students about their oral hygiene and diet habits. Students' weight, height, gingival health, and dental caries experience were assessed. Senior dental students were trained and calibrated to carry out the interviews and the examinations. Parental informed consents were collected by school administrative staff. Ethics approval for the study was obtained from the Al-Quds University Scientific Research Ethics Committee.Findings
In total, 1282 students completed the interviews and the clinical screening. The mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index was 6·4 (SD 4·4). According to the WHO dental caries experience classification, 49% (309 of 623) of the sixth grade students and 74% (484 of 658) of the ninth grade students fell in the high and very high categories. The mother's level of education and recent visit to the dentist correlated negatively with DMFT score (ρ=–0·06, p=0·029; ρ=–0·063, p=0·024). BMI was correlated positively with DMFT (r=0·092, p=0·001). Drinking milk and fresh juices was related to lower DMFT scores (r=–0·077, p=0·006 and r=–0·072, p=0·010). In the final model, grade (β=0·314, p<0·0001), gender (β=0·058, p=0·034), recent visit to the dentist (β=–0·059, p=0·029) and drinking fresh juices (β=–0·054, p=0·047) were significant factors in explaining the high level of dental caries in this sample.Interpretation
Students in the marginalised schools of the West Bank have high DMFT scores that indicate high prevalence of dental caries. Access to dental care and bad oral health habits are associated with high disease prevalence. Interventions to improve access to care and increase awareness about healthy diet and hygiene habits are crucial to alleviate the burden of oral disease in this population.Funding
AMIDEAST School Support Program (SSP). 相似文献28.
Denny John Prabir Chatterjee Shruti Murthy Ramesh Bhat Baba Maiyaki Musa 《The Indian journal of tuberculosis》2018,65(3):208-217
Background
In India, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients are usually treated in hospitals. Decentralised care model, however, has been suggested as a possible alternative by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the “End TB Strategy”, the WHO highlights, as one of the key targets for 2035, that ‘no TB-affected families should face catastrophic hardship due to the tuberculosis’. Removal of financial barriers to health-care access and mitigation of catastrophic expenditures are therefore considered vital to achieve the universal health coverage (UHC) goal. Since forgoing healthcare due to the financial constraints is a known fact in India, decentralised care as an intervention choice (as against hospital-based care) might enhance equity provided it is an affordable choice. Thus, an economic evaluation was conducted, from the perspective of the national health system in India, to assess the cost-effectiveness of decentralised care compared to centralised care for MDR-TB.Methods
This study uses a decision-analytic model with a follow-up of two years to assess the expected costs of the decentralised versus the centralised approaches for MDR-TB treatment. A published systematic review of observational studies yielded the MDR-TB treatment outcomes, which included treatment success, treatment default, treatment failure, and mortality parameters. It was observed that these parameters did not vary significantly between the two alternatives. Treatment costs included the following costs: hospital admission costs, clinic costs, visits to laboratory and MDR-TB centre, drug therapy, injections and food. Costs data of drugs, diagnosis, hospital stay and travel to public facilities, based on a simple market survey, were taken from a recently published study on MDR-TB expenditures in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Potential cost savings related to the implementation of decentralised MDR-TB care for all patients who initiated MDR-TB treatment in India were additionally estimated.Results
Estimated average expected total treatment cost was US$ 3390.56 for the hospital-based model and US$ 1724.1 for the decentralised model for a patient treated for MDR-TB in India, generating potential savings of US$1666.50 per case, with ICER US$ 2382.68 per QALY gained. One of the primary drivers of this difference was the significantly more intensive (thus expensive) stay charges in the hospital. If the costs and treatment probabilities are extrapolated to the whole country, with 48114 MDR-TB patients initiated on treatment in 2017, decentralised care would have additional 1058 patients cured, gain additional 3824 QALYs, and avert 2165 deaths, as compared to centralised care, in India. At various scenarios of coverage rates of decentralised and centralised care the cost difference would range between 23% and 94% for the country.Conclusion
Our study provides evidence of cost savings for MDR-TB patients if patients choose decentralised treatment in comparison to suggested hospitalisation of these patients for centralised treatment with similar outcomes. The economic evaluation presented in this study expected significant efficiency gains in choice of two treatment options and the cost savings may improve equity. In India, treatment of MDR-TB using decentralised care is expected to result in similar patient outcomes at markedly reduced public health costs compared with centralised care. 相似文献29.
Intrathoracic lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is classically of T‐cell lineage, but these cases of pleural B‐cell LBL suggest that this is not always the case. Despite the clinical challenges involved every attempt should be made to secure a biopsy and histological diagnosis, as we move into an era of lineage‐directed therapies. 相似文献
30.
OBJECTIVE: Carica papaya is an important fruit with its seeds used in the treatment of ulcer in Nigeria. This study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male rats.METHODS: Thirty male rats were separated into 6 groups(A–F) of five rats each. For 14 d before ulcer induction with indomethacin, groups received once daily oral doses of vehicle(distilled water), cimetidine 200 mg/kg body weight(BW), or aqueous extract of C. papaya seed at doses of 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg BW(groups A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, groups B, C, D, E and F were treated with 100 mg/kg BW of indomethacin to induce ulcer formation. RESULTS: Carica papaya seed extract significantly(P<0.05) increased gastric p H and percentage of ulcer inhibition relative to indomethacin-induced ulcer rats. The extract significantly(P<0.05) decreased gastric acidity, gastric acid output, gastric pepsin secretion, ulcer index and gastric secretion volume relative to group B. These results were similar to that achieved by pretreatment with cimetidine. Specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the extract-treated groups(D, E and F) were increased significantly over the group B(P<0.05). Pretreatment with the seed extract protected rats from the indomethacin-mediated decrease in enzyme function experienced by the group B. Similarly, indomethacin-mediated decrease in reduced glutathione level and indomethacin-mediated increase in malondialdehyde were reversed by Carica papaya extract. CONCLUSION: In this study, pretreatment with aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed exhibited antiulcerogenic and antioxidant effects, which may be due to the enhanced antioxidant enzymes. 相似文献