Reliability of panoramic radiography in evaluating the topographic relationship between the mandibular canal and impacted third molars

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a study to evaluate the predictive value of five radiographic markers on the panoramic radiograph, or PR, to point out the relationship between the mandibular canal and the impacted third molar. METHODS: The authors evaluated the accuracy of the radiographic markers by comparing the PR with an axial computed tomographic, or CT, scan. They identified a sample of 73 third molars that showed a close relationship between the tooth roots and the mandibular canal on the PR, and then classified them on the basis of five radiographic markers. They also detected contact between the third molar and the mandibular canal on the CT scan. RESULTS: The distribution of the five radiographic markers was as follows: 37 teeth exhibited increased radiolucency, 13 exhibited superimposition, 14 exhibited interruption of the radiopaque border, 14 exhibited narrowing of the canal and seven exhibited diversion of the canal. In 11 cases, two or more markers were recognizable. The predictive values of a positive test result were as follows: increased radiolucency, 73 percent; superimposition, 38.5 percent; interruption of the radiopaque border, 71.4 percent; narrowing, 78.6 percent; and diversion, 100 percent. The authors detected contact in all of the cases that exhibited two or more markers. CONCLUSION: Increased radiolucency, narrowing and interruption of the radiopaque border, as well as the concomitant presence of two or more radiographic markers, on the PR were highly predictive of contact between the third molar and the mandibular canal. An axial CT scan probably is indicated in such cases. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study may lead to some guidelines for oral surgeons evaluating whether to obtain an axial CT scan for further investigation after examining an impacted mandibular third molar via PR.     

Gummy smile: clinical parameters useful for diagnosis and therapeutical approach

In the analysis of the characteristics of a pleasant smile, a gummy smile has negative components, which most affect the esthetics of non-verbal communication. For this purpose a proposed classification based upon etiopathogenetic criteria as useful indications for a therapeutical approach is given. The nature of a high smile line can be: dento-gingival, connected to an abnormal dental eruption, which is revealed by a short clinic crown; muscular, caused by an hyperactivity of the elevator muscle of the upper lip; dento-alveolar (skeletal), due to an excessive protuberance or vertical growth of the jawbone (maxillary); lastly, a mixed nature, in the presence of more than one of the above described factors The diagnosis of gummy smile must be precocious and based, with reference to specific parameters, upon a careful analysis of the etiopathogenetic factors and the degree of seriousness of the alteration. A correct treatment plan must contemplate the possibility of an orthognatodontic, orthopedic and/or surgical therapeutic resolution considering the seriousness and complexity of the gums exposures (high smile line) in connection with the age of the subject.     

Intraparenchymal renal artery aneurysms. Case report with review and update of the literature

Increased interest in aneurysms involving therenal artery and its branches has occurredduring the past 3 decades. The prevalence ofrenal artery aneurysms is approximately 0.01%–1% in the general population as well as2.5% in hypertensive patients undergoingangiography. Intraparenchymal renal arteryaneurysms (IPRAAs) are rare since beingdetected in less than 10% of patients withrenal artery aneurysms. The Authorsreport an unusual case of multiple smallintrarenal artery aneurysms associatedwith a large IPRAA located in the mid portionof the right kidney. Usually, IPRAAs aresecondary to diseases or injuries of the kidneyvascular network. They are classified as true,false, saccular, fusiform, dissecting, andmicroaneurysms. Potential complications ofIPRAAs include peripheral dissection,thrombosis, hypertension, renal infarction andrupture. IRAAs may be detected incidentally aswell as present with urologic symptoms andsigns related to complications. Actually, IRAAsare investigated by non invasive modalitiesincluding duplex ultrasound, magnetic resonanceangiography, spiral three-dimensional computedtomography angiography, and three-dimensionalreconstructed rotational digital substractionangiography of the segmental and distantbranches of the renal artery. Angiography withintrarterial injection of contrast material isthe gold standard in diagnosing IPRAAs.Treatment options for IPRAAs includeobservation, aneurysmectomy with surgicalrepair, endovascular procedures, nephrectomy orpartial nephrectomy. Observation is indicatedfor asymptomatic intraparenchymal renal arteryaneurysms measuring less than 2 cm in diameter.Surgical repair of IPRAAs includesaneurysmectomy and reconstruction of the renalartery by in vivo or ex vivo technique. Theprocedure is indicated for IPRAAs causingrenovascular hypertension, dissection, urologicsymptoms, embolization, local expansion andwomen of childbearing age with a potential forpregnancy. In recent years, transcatheterarterial embolization has emerged as a simple,useful and effective technique in managingIRAAs. The procedure is performed bytransfemoral catheterization as well as bysuperselective catheterization and embolizationof interlobar arteries with 3F microcatheters.Endovascular occlusion is obtained by usinggelatin sponge, steel coils, detachablebaloons, and conventional non-detachablemicrocoils delivered through a microcatheter.Nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy are reservedfor conditions precluding renalrevascularization which include overt RAArupture, covert RAA rupture, artery-to-veinfistula, renal cell carcinoma, end stagenephropaty, renal infarction, severe ischemicrenal atrophy or complex intrarenal aneurysms.Recently, partial nephrectomy by thelaparoscopic approach has been proposed formanaging IPRAAs and the procedure is consideredfeasible and safe.     

Engraftment of acute myeloid leukemia in NOD/SCID mice is independent of CXCR4 and predicts poor patient survival

The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing the engraftment potential of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) CD34+ cells in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. We examined the relationship between engraftment, CXCR4 expression on CD34+ and CD34+CD38- cells, and patient (Pt) clinical/laboratory characteristics in 44 samples from 11 Pts. Engraftment, evaluated by Southern blot and CD45 flow cytometric analyses, was observed in murine bone marrow of 6 of 11 Pt samples, ranging from 0.1% to 73.9% by Southern blot and from 0.1%-36.8% by flow cytometry. Poor Pt prognosis was inversely correlated with engraftment; the median overall survival was 95.9 weeks for Pts whose cells did not engraft and 26.1 weeks for those whose cells did engraft (p = 0.012, log-rank test). No other clinical/laboratory variable predicted engraftment. No correlation between the level of CXCR4 expression on AML cells and engraftment was observed. Cells with virtually absent CXCR4 expression were able to engraft, and cells from two Pts with high expression levels of CXCR4 did not engraft. Furthermore, anti-CXCR4 antibody failed to block the engraftment of AML cells into NOD/SCID mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CXCR4 is not critical for the engraftment of AML CD34+ cells in NOD/SCID mice. The model may, however, reflect the clinical course of the disease.     

Revision ACL reconstruction using doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons: a follow-up study

Abstract Few papers report the results of revision ACL reconstruction with hamstrings tendons. We report our results with revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery using a doubled gracilis and semitendinosus tendons (DGST) graft, in association with an exta-articular procedure. Twelve patients underwent ACL revision surgery using autogenous homolateral DGST graft in association with an extra-articular procedure and were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 35 months. At follow-up evaluation, all patients scored negatively on the Lachman test and normally or near normally on the jerk test. The KT 1000 evaluation showed a average side-to-side difference at 30 lb and MM of 1.4±1.7 mm and 1.6±1.6 mm, respectively. The Lysholm score was 98±2 (range, 94–100); excellent results (score 95–100) were obtained in 83% of cases, good results (score 84–94) in 17%, and no fair or poor results. At the IKDC evaluation, the result was excellent (normal) in one-thirds of cases and good (nearly normal) in twothirds. Therefore, the use of hamstring tendons in association with lateral tenodesis seems to be a good alternative to the use of allografts or contralateral bone-patellar tendon-bone graft in revision ACL reconstructions.     

Chest wall reconstruction after resection in lung cancer: personal experience

Chest wall reconstruction after resection, for locally advanced lung cancer but also for some selected secondary tumors, is a demanding challenge to surgeons, anesthetists and experts in respiratory function rehabilitation who must guarantee a regular natural ventilation, adequate protection of intrathoracic organs and acceptable cosmetic outcome. To this aim, many procedures using autologous, heterologous, or prosthetic materials, are available. A study conducted on 13 lung cancer patients who after resection underwent reconstruction with heterologous prosthetic material is presented. No intraoperative mortality or septic complications were observed. There was prompt wall stabilization in 10 patients; it occurred 3 weeks later in another patient (polytetrafluoridethylene patch). Only in one patient (prolene mesh) a seroma developed, treated with US-guided drainage. In the authors' experience, even for fairly small defects reconstruction with prosthetic material is suitable, to prevent, in case of the presence of risk factors, pulmonary hernia-induced major respiratory symptoms. Prosthetic materials are also preferred for benign lesions characterized by a long-term survival.     

Prion deposition in olfactory biopsy of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Currently, definite peripheral markers for the in vivo diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are not available. Here, we report the presence of pathological prion protein in the olfactory mucosa of a case with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Prion protein immunoreactivity was detected in an olfactory biopsy performed 45 days after the disease onset, suggesting that the involvement of olfactory epithelium is an early event in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.     

Genome-wide scan of reading ability in affected sibling pairs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: unique and shared genetic effects

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) are common highly heritable disorders of childhood, which frequently co-occur. Data from twin and family studies suggest that this overlap is, in part, due to shared genetic underpinnings. Here, we report the first genome-wide linkage analysis of measures of reading ability in children with ADHD, using a sample of 233 affected sibling pairs who previously participated in a genome-wide scan for susceptibility loci in ADHD. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of a composite reading factor defined from three highly correlated reading measures identified suggestive linkage (multipoint maximum lod score, MLS>2.2) in four chromosomal regions. Two regions (16p, 17q) overlap those implicated by our previous genome-wide scan for ADHD in the same sample: one region (2p) provides replication for an RD susceptibility locus, and one region (10q) falls approximately 35 cM from a modestly highlighted region in an independent genome-wide scan of siblings with ADHD. Investigation of an individual reading measure of Reading Recognition supported linkage to putative RD susceptibility regions on chromosome 8p (MLS=2.4) and 15q (MLS=1.38). Thus, the data support the existence of genetic factors that have pleiotropic effects on ADHD and reading ability--as suggested by shared linkages on 16p, 17q and possibly 10q--but also those that appear to be unique to reading--as indicated by linkages on 2p, 8p and 15q that coincide with those previously found in studies of RD. Our study also suggests that reading measures may represent useful phenotypes in ADHD research. The eventual identification of genes underlying these unique and shared linkages may increase our understanding of ADHD, RD and the relationship between the two.