社区常见恶性肿瘤筛查研究

目的探寻一种简便的恶性肿瘤初筛自查方法。方法将人体肿瘤分为三类:体表肿瘤约占15％;空腔脏器肿瘤占65％;深层实体脏器肿瘤20％。通过科普宣传教育,让群众学会自查体表部位肿瘤,每年用自查盒助查各空腔脏器有无微量出血,隐血阳性时,去医院进一步精查。北京部分大学选40～70岁居民1万人,分成试验组、对照组各5千人。结果试验四年后:试验组共查出79例癌,年平均癌检出率482.5人/10万,癌死亡率为12.2/10万;对照组癌死亡率206.2人/10万,两组有显著性差异。在癌症高发区,同时作扩大普查试验:广东四会市肿瘤所,在门诊普查1669人,检出25例癌,鼻咽癌占24例。1999～2000年,江苏省食管胃癌高发区,普查近8万人,检出480例癌。加上“九五”以前的普查统计,用秦氏自查盒已筛查431075人,检出1272例癌,癌前病变1万多例。结论试验证明该方案设计合理,在当前是一种最简便的恶性肿瘤初筛自查方法。     

初始耐药肺结核调查分析

目的掌握信宜市肺结核病人初始耐药疫情,分析耐药的原因,制定预防对策。方法以胸片、痰涂片诊断为肺结核的初治患者为对象,进行结核菌培养,阳性者做链霉素（S）、异烟肼（I）、利福平（R）、乙胺丁醇（E）四种药敏试验。结果共检测188例,初始耐药62例,占32．98％。其中耐1种药物51例,占耐药总数的82．26％;耐2种以上药物11例,占耐药总数的17．74％。41—50岁为耐药最高峰,四种耐药次序为I〉R〉S〉E。结论信宜市耐药肺结核疫情相当严峻,应进一步分析耐药原因,探讨预防对策。     

The clinical significance of plasma CFHR 1–5 in lupus nephropathy

A deficiency of complement factor H may lead to excessive consumption of C3 and an increase in C3b deposition, which are important pathological characteristics of lupus nephritis. Complement factor H-related proteins (CFHRs), comprising CFHR1 to CFHR5 (CFHR1–5), are members of the wider factor H/CFHR family. Their role in lupus nephritis remains unclear. In this study, we compared circulating levels of CFHR1–5 in 152 patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis and 20 unrelated healthy individuals to explore the relationship between the expression of CFHR1–5 and development of the disease. We found that plasma levels of CFHR3 and CFHR5 were higher in patients with lupus nephritis than in healthy individuals; also, CFHR3 and CFHR5 concentrations increased with increasing systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) values (P < 0.05). Pearson's and Spearman's correlation test results confirmed that plasma CFHR3 and CFHR5 levels in lupus nephritis patients were positively correlated with proteinuria and levels of creatinine (Cr) and anti-dsDNA (correlation coefficients = 0.491–0.717, P < 0.05), while they were negatively correlated with plasma C3 levels and eGFR [correlation coefficients = –(0.706–0.788), P < 0.05]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis results confirmed that plasma CFHR3 and CFHR5 levels were predictive of SLEDAI values and disease end points (area under the curve = 0.664–0.884, P < 0.05), with patients with both high CFHR3 and high CFHR5 exhibiting the shortest progression-free survival. Thus, both CFHR3 and CFHR5 are of prognostic value in lupus nephritis status.     

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of besifovir for the treatment of HBV infection

Introduction: Besifovir (LB80380) is a relatively new oral acyclic nucleotide phosphonate. We reviewed the pharmacokinetic characteristics of LB80380 and discussed its role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.

Areas covered: LB80380 is a prodrug of LB80331 and LB80317. It is rapidly absorbed when taken orally. Escalating doses of besifovir produce linear increase of the plasma concentration. Doses above 60mg are effective for inhibiting HBV in human. Using 60mg as an example, the maximal concentration of LB80331 in plasma is 397 ng/mL. The time required to reach maximal concentration in plasma and elimination half-life are 2.0 and 3.0 h, respectively. Besifovir and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidneys. Its antiviral efficacy is non-inferior to ETV 0.5mg daily. It is generally safe in terms of renal and bone toxicity. The most common adverse event is carnitine depletion which affects almost all patients on besifovir requiring carnitine supplementation.

Expert opinion: Besifovir demonstrated predictable pharmacokinetic characteristics in human subjects. Few clinical studies on besifovir have been conducted. More data are expected particularly for special populations. The adverse events upon long term exposure should be monitored. Large scale head-to-head trials comparing besifovir with existing NA, especially tenofovir alafenamide, should be conducted.     

Graphene oxide regulates cox2 in human embryonic kidney 293T cells via epigenetic mechanisms: dynamic chromosomal interactions

To extend the applications of engineered nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), it is necessary to minimize cytotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying this cytotoxicity are unclear. Dynamic chromosomal interactions have been used to illustrate the molecular bases of gene expression, which offers a more sensitive and cutting-edge technology to elucidate complex biological processes associated with epigenetic regulations. In this study, the role of GO-triggered chromatin interactions in the activation of cox2, a hallmark of inflammation, was investigated in normal human cells. Using chromosome conformation capture technology, we showed that GO triggers physical interactions between the downstream enhancer and the cox2 promoter in human embryonic kidney 293T (293T) via p65 and p300 complex-mediated dynamic chromatin looping, which was required for high cox2 expression. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), located upstream of the p65 signaling pathway, contributed to the regulation of cox2 activation through dynamic chromatin architecture. Compared with pristine GO and aminated GO (GO-NH₂), poly (acrylic acid)-functionalized GO (GO-PAA) induced a weaker inflammatory response and a weaker effect on chromatin architecture. Our results mechanistically link GO-mediated chromatin interactions with the regulation of cox2 and suggest that GO derivatives may minimize toxicity in practical applications.     

A controlled study of the association of various dental anomalies with hypodontia of permanent teeth

Although hypodontia, or oligodontia, is one of the most common human dental anomalies observed, there have been few studies on the association of other anomalies occurring with it. The present investigation of 1032 patient records found that 65.7% of patients with hypodontia showed ankylosis of primary molars compared to only 1.5% of control children (P less than 0.001). In addition, taurodontism of the mandibular first permanent molar was observed in 34.3% of hypodontia cases compared to 7.1% in the controls (P less than 0.001). Other dental anomalies significantly associated with hypodontia include enamel hypoplasia (11.9%, P less than 0.01) and conical incisors (8.9%, P less than 0.01). In contrast, there were significantly more impacted teeth in control children compared to the hypodontia group. The results indicate that for patients with missing permanent teeth, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of these associated anomalies and their accompanying clinical implications.     

云南省双江县布朗族头面部器官微机测量研究

目的 对云南省双江县邦丙乡布朗族头面部器官进行全面系统地测量研究。方法 采用自行研制的头面部摄相—计算机测量系统，对正常布朗族成人155人进行了头面部器官全面系统的测量，其中男性96人，女性59人。结果 得出了布朗族成年男女两性头面部器官41个项目测量值和17个头面部指数资料。结论 该研究委仅对临床医学和美学研究有重要意义，而且对人类学、民族学和工业等相关学科也有重要的参考价值。     

Influence of polymerization conditions on monomer elution and microhardness of autopolymerized polymethyl methacrylate resin

Residual monomer contents and surface hardness are important factors in determining the serviceability of provisional restorations. The intent of this study was to systemically evaluate the effects of curing conditions on provisional polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resins which utilize a free-radical polymerization reaction. Combinations of the three curing factors of temperature, pressure, curing environment (water/air) were adjusted during the fabrication of autopolymerized specimen disks. The initial hardness of tested materials was measured with a microhardness tester 1 h after disc fabrication, and the amounts of residual methyl methacrylate (MMA) released into water were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC after 7 d of water immersion. Results from multiple regressions showed that curing temperature was the dominant factor in improving resin surface hardness, whereas curing in water was the key factor for reducing the quantity of residual monomer. The pressure factor, which was thought to be critical for managing autopolymerized resins, showed no significant influences on the properties tested. ANOVA results showed that provisional PMMA resins cured in hot water, with or without pressure, significantly reduced the amount of residual MMA elution (up to 80%) and increased the microhardness values (up to 50%).     

骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形患者正颌手术前后咀嚼肌功能变化的初步研究

目的:应用肌电图仪评价骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形患者正颌手术前后咀嚼肌功能的变化.方法:收集16例骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形需正颌手术病例和20例正常(牙合)和二腹肌前腹的表面募集电位,并计算其肌不对称指数运动.病例组在术后3个月和6个月时重复测定,采用t检验进行统计学分析,并与对照组进行比较.结果:手术前病例组咀嚼肌电位小于对照组,尤以紧咬和咀嚼时差异显著(P＜0.05),肌不对称指数与对照组无差异.术后3个月时,部分肌功能恢复,但紧咬和咀嚼时募集电位下降显著(P＜0.001),肌不对称指数也增大,提示此时肌功能尚未完全恢复.术后6个月各种功能运动时的募集电位均大于术前水平,肌不对称指数则基本小于术前水平,说明肌功能有所改善.结论:骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形患者手术前咀嚼肌功能弱于对照组,正颌手术矫正了颌骨位置和咬合关系,改善了患者的咀嚼肌功能.