The epidemiology of psychosis: the Suffolk County Mental Health Project.

This article describes the rationale, aims, and methodology of an epidemiological study of psychosis being conducted in Suffolk County, New York. A sample of first-admission patients is drawn from 10 inpatient and 25 outpatient facilities. Diagnostic psychosocial interviews are conducted shortly after admission to treatment, and at 6- and 24-month followup. Consensus diagnoses are made after each interview. Demographic and clinical background characteristics of the first 250 subjects enrolled over a 2-year period are presented here. The response rate was 76 percent. Based on the initial interview, 75 percent of subjects received a diagnosis involving psychosis. The three most common diagnoses were schizophrenia, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, and major depression with psychotic features. Among subjects with psychosis, 58 percent of males and 29 percent of females had a history of substance abuse/dependence. Gender differences were found on several background and clinical characteristics. Males were somewhat younger, less likely to have ever married, and had less education. Although the median length of hospitalization was the same for females and males (27 days), females were more likely to be hospitalized within 1 month of the occurrence of their first psychotic symptom (60% of females compared to 37% of males). Subjects with schizophrenia-related disorders were significantly more impaired on an assessment of negative symptoms than were affectively ill subjects, but clinical ratings of depression were not significantly different across diagnostic groups.     

TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY WITH PRIMARY VOICE RESTORATION

Forty-three patients were prospectively studied following tracheo-oesophageal puncture at the time of laryngectomy (primary voice restoration). Blom-Singer voice prostheses were used. The surgery was regarded as successful if a patient continued to use the voice prosthesis as the major means of communication with clear intelligibility 4 months after the operation. Using this criterion, the success in this series was 70%. No attempt was made to assess the quality of speech. Complications and causes of failure are discussed.     

Gemfibrozil reduces plasma prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 concentration, a marker of coagulability, in patients with coronary heart disease.

The effects of gemfibrozil on several indices of haemostatic activity were explored in male patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Sixty-three of 71 patients completed a crossover study in which gemfibrozil 1,200 mg/day and matching placebo were each taken in randomised order for 2 months in a double-blind manner, separated by a 2-month washout period. Serum cholesterol decreased by an average (95% confidence interval) of 12 (9 to 15)% and non-fasting triglyceride concentration by 43 (34 to 51)% during active treatment. Plasma prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 concentration, a marker of the in vivo rate of generation of thrombin, was 25 (12 to 37)% lower on average while on gemfibrozil than during the placebo phase. Factor VII coagulant activity (VIIc) and antigen concentration, and fibrinopeptide A concentration were not influenced by gemfibrozil in the group overall. However, the VIIc response appeared to be dependent upon the untreated cholesterol level. Hypercholesterolaemic men (cholesterol greater than 6.5 mmol/l) experienced a significant reduction in VIIc averaging 6% of standard during active therapy. Other effects of gemfibrozil were a 5 (2 to 9)% increase in plasma fibrinogen by a gravimetric method, an 11 (8 to 13)% increase in platelet count, and a 6 (2 to 10)% reduction in white cell count. The reduced incidence of CHD following gemfibrozil therapy in hyperlipidaemic patients may arise in part through a reduction in procoagulant activity and thus the risk of an occlusive coronary thrombosis.     

The analysis of stable isotopes in urine to determine the fractional absorption of zinc.

We measured isotopic enrichment in urine after oral and intravenous administration of stable isotopes of zinc to determine fractional absorption (FA). 68Zn and 70Zn were administered orally and intravenously to four normal adults. Subsequently, urine and fecal samples were collected for 7 and 14 d, respectively, ashed, and passed through ion-exchange columns to separate zinc from other elements. Samples were analyzed by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry. From 32 h onwards the enrichment of 68Zn and 70Zn in urine declined proportionately so that FA could be determined as follows: FA = enrichment (oral/iv) x dose (iv/oral). FA determinations from urine and feces (cumulative excretion) were, respectively, for subject ZK1, urine 0.79 +/- 0.03 and feces 0.70 +/- 0.01; ZK2, 0.79 +/- 0.05 and 0.69 +/- 0.02; ZK3, 0.26 +/- 0.01 and 0.25 +/- 0.01; and ZK4, 0.41 +/- 0.02 and 0.37 +/- 0.02. ZK1 and ZK2 received the oral isotope while fasting whereas ZK3 and ZK4 received the oral isotope with meals. FA of zinc can be determined by measurement of isotope enrichment in urine.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of acute appendicitis.

Twenty-one patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis underwent graded compression ultrasonography as an ongoing clinical study. The findings at surgery were compared with the ultrasonographic findings. There were no false-positive, 8 false-negative, 9 true-positive, and 11 true-negative results. The specificity was 100% and sensitivity, 52.9% The findings of this study, in contrast to findings of other recently reported studies, demonstrates that ultrasonography is a poor modality with which to evaluate acute appendicitis.     

Antibodies to lipid A in pauciarticular juvenile arthritis: clinical studies.

IgG antibodies to monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) are more concentrated in synovial fluids than in the blood of children with pauciarticular juvenile arthritis. Correlations between IgG anti-MPL levels and numbers of inflamed joints were highly significant in 2 of 10 patients followed for 8 years and suggestive in 2 patients followed for shorter periods. A fifth patient had a correlation between IgM anti-MPL and joint count.     

Corticotrophin-releasing factor immunostaining is present in placenta and fetal membranes from the first trimester onwards and is not affected by labour or administration of mifepristone

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) is present in the human placenta and fetal membranes. Placental CRF content and plasma CRF concentrations rise throughout gestation and fail rapidly after delivery. The regulation of CRF production from the placenta is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to use the antiprogestin, mifepristone, to determine whether progesterone has a regulatory effect on CRF production in the first trimester of pregnancy. PATIENTS Women undergoing first trimester (gestation 5-12 weeks) therapeutic abortion (by suction curettage with and without the synthetic PGE, analogue, gemeprost (16,16-dimethyl-trans- Δ²-PGE₁ methyl ester) vaginally 2-4 hours prior to the procedure; or with 600 mg mifepristone 48 hours prior to receiving 1 mg gemeprost vaginally), second trimester therapeutic abortion (600 mg mifepristone, 1 mg gemeprost), In association with pre-term delivery (gestation 25-34 weeks) and at term (gestation 35-42 weeks) by spontaneous delivery, induced labour or elective Caesarean section. MEASUREMENTS immunohistochemical localization Of CRF and quantification of CRF content by radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts, in human placenta and fetal membranes. RESULTS CRF was Immunolocalized to the syncytlo-trophoblast cells of the placenta at ail stages of gestation from 5 to 42 weeks. In the fetal membranes CRF immunoreactlvity was localized in the epithelial and subepithelial cells of the amnion, some cells of the reticular and cellular layers of the chorion, and in decidual stroma. This pattern was seen in all tissues studied. Pretreatment with prostaglandins, mifepristone or both during the first trimester did not alter the distribution or the intensity of the CRF Immunostaining. Placental CRF content rose throughout gestation but, consistent with the Lmmunostaining results, was unaffected by the administration of mifepristone or by labour. CONCLUSIONS CRF is localized in the syncitlotropho-blast cells of the placenta and is clearly present early in the first trimester of pregnancy. The lack of an effect of mifepristone or mode of delivery suggests that syncytlo-trophoblast produces CRF constitutively throughout pregnancy.