全文获取类型
收费全文 | 896篇 |
免费 | 45篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 21篇 |
儿科学 | 15篇 |
妇产科学 | 39篇 |
基础医学 | 111篇 |
口腔科学 | 8篇 |
临床医学 | 111篇 |
内科学 | 144篇 |
皮肤病学 | 4篇 |
神经病学 | 100篇 |
特种医学 | 13篇 |
外科学 | 182篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
预防医学 | 120篇 |
眼科学 | 2篇 |
药学 | 38篇 |
肿瘤学 | 29篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 12篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 21篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 23篇 |
2014年 | 26篇 |
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 54篇 |
2011年 | 52篇 |
2010年 | 27篇 |
2009年 | 43篇 |
2008年 | 42篇 |
2007年 | 48篇 |
2006年 | 50篇 |
2005年 | 46篇 |
2004年 | 50篇 |
2003年 | 34篇 |
2002年 | 29篇 |
2001年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 13篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 10篇 |
1968年 | 7篇 |
1967年 | 5篇 |
1966年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有941条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Branching out: a molecular fingerprint of endothelial differentiation into tube-like structures generated by Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Gerritsen ME Soriano R Yang S Zlot C Ingle G Toy K Williams PM 《Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)》2003,10(1):63-81
The process of endothelial differentiation into a network of tube-like structures with patent lumens requires an integrated program of gene expression. To identify genes upregulated in endothelial cells during the process of tube formation, RNA was prepared from several different time points (0, 4, 8, 24, 40, and 48 hours) and from three different experimental models of human endothelial tube formation: in collagen gels and fibrin gels driven by the combination of PMA (80), bFGF (40 ng/ml) and bFGF (40 ng/ml) or in collagen gels driven by the combination of HGF (40 ng/ml) and VEGF (40 ng/ml). Gene expression was evaluated using Affymetrix Gene Chip oligonucleotide arrays. Over 1000 common genes were upregulated greater than twofold over baseline at one or more time points in the three different models. In the present study, we discuss the identified genes that could be assigned to major functional classes: apoptosis, cytoskeleton, proteases, matrix, and matrix turnover, pumps and transporters, membrane lipid turnover, and junctional molecules or adhesion proteins. 相似文献
32.
Background Growth hormone (GH) replacement during childhood has been shown to increase stature; however, there is little information on its long-term effect on the heart is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to assess cardiac size and function in patients with childhood-onset GH deficiency in whom GH treatment had been stopped at the achievement of final height and the effect of a second course of GH replacement in adult age. Methods Cardiac dimensions and function, obtained with echocardiography, of 21 patients (5 women and 16 men, mean age 28 ± 8 years), all of whom were treated during childhood, were compared with 21 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Eight of these patients (2 women and 6 men, mean age 28 ± 8 years) were given a second course of GH replacement therapy for 15 ± 3 months. Results The stature and all cardiac dimensions of patients with GH deficiency who were treated during childhood were significantly smaller than those of the control subjects. After the second course of GH in adulthood, the only significant change observed was an increase in left ventricular (LV) mass (93 ± 21 vs 106 ± 24 g, P = .007) and LV mass index (59 ± 12 vs 66 ± 13 g/body surface area, P = .005). Conclusion The stature and cardiac dimensions of patients with childhood-onset GH deficiency measured in adult age were smaller than those of control subjects, despite long-term GH replacement therapy during childhood. A second course of GH treatment during adulthood caused a significant increase in the estimated LV mass index in patients with both isolated and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. (Am Heart J 2003;145:549-53.) 相似文献
33.
Tine S.D. Harpøth Ellen W. Yeung Timothy J. Trull Erik Simonsen Mickey T. Kongerslev 《Clinical psychology & psychotherapy》2021,28(4):939-949
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental health condition associated with severe symptoms of distress and poor quality of life (QoL). Research outside the field of BPD suggests that ego-resiliency is negatively associated with psychopathology and positively associated with a range of positive life outcomes. Thus, ego-resiliency may be a valuable construct for furthering our understanding and treatment of BPD. However, the mechanisms linking ego-resiliency to psychopathology and QoL in relation to BPD have not been examined and explored by research. This study has addressed this gap in the collective knowledge by evaluating whether within-person associations between daily reports of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) mediated the relationship between ego-resiliency, BPD symptom severity, and QoL. For 21 consecutive days, 72 women diagnosed with BPD completed end-of-day electronic assessments regarding ego-resiliency, PA and NA, symptom severity, and QoL. Multilevel structural equation modelling established that PA and NA were parallel mediators linking ego-resiliency with BPD symptom severity and QoL. As hypothesized, the path to QoL was stronger through PA than through NA. The mediation paths through NA and PA to BPD symptom severity were both significant, but their strength did not differ. Our findings align with the assertions of theories on emotion, thus suggesting a two-factor approach to PA and NA. Future research can build on these findings by developing psychotherapeutic interventions designed not only to reduce symptom severity but also to enhance PA in individuals with BPD and determine whether an increase in PA is associated with improved QoL. 相似文献
34.
35.
36.
37.
Setting priorities in global child health research investments: assessment of principles and practice 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Croatian medical journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Rudan I Gibson J Kapiriri L Lansang MA Hyder AA Lawn J Darmstadt GL Cousens S Bhutta ZA Brown KH Hess SY Black M Gardner JM Webster J Carneiro I Chandramohan D Kosek M Lanata CF Tomlinson M Chopra M Ameratunga S Campbell H El Arifeen S Black RE;Child Health Nutrition Research Initiative 《Croatian medical journal》2007,48(5):595-604
This article reviews theoretical and practical approaches for setting priorities in global child health research investments. It also provides an overview of previous attempts to develop appropriate tools and methodologies to define priorities in health research investments. A brief review of the most important theoretical concepts that should govern priority setting processes is undertaken, showing how different perspectives, such as medical, economical, legal, ethical, social, political, rational, philosophical, stakeholder driven, and others will necessarily conflict each other in determining priorities. We specially address present research agenda in global child health today and how it relates to United Nation's (UN) Millennium Development Goal 4, which is to reduce child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. The outcomes of these former approaches are evaluated and their benefits and shortcomings presented. The case for a new methodology for setting priorities in health research investments is presented, as proposed by Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative, and a need for its implementation in global child health is outlined. A transdisciplinary approach is needed to address all the perspectives from which investments into health research can be seen as priorities. This prioritization requires a process that is transparent, systematic, and that would take into account many perspectives and build on advantages of previous approaches. 相似文献
38.
Setting priorities in global child health research investments: addressing values of stakeholders
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Croatian medical journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Kapiriri L Tomlinson M Chopra M El Arifeen S Black RE Rudan I;Child Health Nutrition Research Initiative 《Croatian medical journal》2007,48(5):618-627
Aim
To identify main groups of stakeholders in the process of health research priority setting and propose strategies for addressing their systems of values.Methods
In three separate exercises that took place between March and June 2006 we interviewed three different groups of stakeholders: 1) members of the global research priority setting network; 2) a diverse group of national-level stakeholders from South Africa; and 3) participants at the conference related to international child health held in Washington, DC, USA. Each of the groups was administered different version of the questionnaire in which they were asked to set weights to criteria (and also minimum required thresholds, where applicable) that were a priori defined as relevant to health research priority setting by the consultants of the Child Health and Nutrition Research initiative (CHNRI).Results
At the global level, the wide and diverse group of respondents placed the greatest importance (weight) to the criterion of maximum potential for disease burden reduction, while the most stringent threshold was placed on the criterion of answerability in an ethical way. Among the stakeholders’ representatives attending the international conference, the criterion of deliverability, answerability, and sustainability of health research results was proposed as the most important one. At the national level in South Africa, the greatest weight was placed on the criterion addressing the predicted impact on equity of the proposed health research.Conclusions
Involving a large group of stakeholders when setting priorities in health research investments is important because the criteria of relevance to scientists and technical experts, whose knowledge and technical expertise is usually central to the process, may not be appropriate to specific contexts and in accordance with the views and values of those who invest in health research, those who benefit from it, or wider society as a whole.When decisions on investments in health research are made, the term “stakeholders” refers to all individuals and/or groups who have interest in prioritization of those investments. The stakeholders will therefore comprise a large and highly heterogeneous group. Some apparent examples may include research funding agencies (eg, governmental agencies, private organizations, public-private partnerships, international and regional organizations, and taxpayers of a certain region), direct recipients of the funding (eg, researchers and research institutions), beneficiaries of the research (eg, policy makers and the general population of a country), and any other group with interest in prioritization process (eg, advocacy groups, journalists and media, lawyers, economists, experts in ethics, and many others).Two fundamental characteristics of any acceptable and successful priority setting process are legitimacy and fairness (1). In order to ensure the legitimacy and fairness of the priority setting decisions in health research investments, involvement of a wide range of stakeholders (and/or eliciting their values) is needed. Unfortunately, health research priorities are presently mainly driven by technical experts (2-5). The results of prioritization are therefore in danger of being mostly influenced by their personal views, with minimal input from representatives from the wider community who also may have interest in the process but lack technical expertise. Since the values and criteria important to scientists and technical experts may vary remarkably from those of other relevant stakeholders (6-8), the relevance of eliciting wider stakeholders’ input is increasingly being acknowledged (9-11). However, the main challenge is to develop a systematic, flexible, and repeatable strategy on how this can be achieved in different contexts.The literature on priority setting for health interventions identifies two main strategies: 1) stakeholders’ values may impact decisions through procedural processes (by having access to the decisions and the rationales behind the decisions, and by having the authority to deliberate on the decisions and influence the final outcome); 2) stakeholders’ values can be directly elicited using quantitative methods (through surveys where respondents rank, weigh, or rate their values) and qualitative methods (involving individual interviews, Delphi technique, complaints procedures or group discussions, concept mapping, citizen’s jury, and public meetings) (12). The main challenges in those attempts have mainly been the lack of capacity for some stakeholders to engage in meaningful deliberations (13) and how to practically incorporate the elicited stakeholders’ values in decision-making (12,14). This paper presents our suggestions and experiences on how the values and interests of large and diverse group of stakeholders could still be incorporated in decisions on health research investment priorities. We specified thresholds and weights needed to address stakeholders’ values within CHNRI methodology using three different versions of a questionnaire. We aimed to assess stakeholders’ values for priority setting in global health research investments. We tested questionnaires that presented different levels of complexity and detail of the questions that stakeholders’ representatives would be asked. We also aimed to evaluate different strategies of turning their responses into numerical thresholds and weights. 相似文献39.
Neha J. Goel BA Shiri Sadeh‐Sharvit PhD Rachael E. Flatt BS Mickey Trockel MD PhD Katherine N. Balantekin PhD RD Ellen E. Fitzsimmons‐Craft PhD Grace E. Monterubio BA Marie-Laure Firebaugh MSW Corinna Jacobi PhD Denise E. Wilfley PhD C. Barr Taylor MD 《The International journal of eating disorders》2018,51(6):579-584
40.
PD Dr. S. Steffens A.J. Schrader R. Lehmann H. Eggers S. Ising D. Pfister N. Riechert-Mühe A. Leitenberger A. Heidenreich W. Thon A.S. Merseburger M.A. Kuczyk 《Der Urologe. Ausg. A》2014,53(11):1639-1643