3-苯基乳酸的研究进展

介绍了3-苯基乳酸的结构、制备、手性拆分等的研究现状，并阐述了其抑菌、药理作用及在医药、化工等领域的应用。     

Experience of spirituality, mental illness and occupation: A life-sustaining phenomenon

Background and Aim:  This article provides an overview of a phenomenological investigation of spirituality with six people who have experienced mental illness. The study aimed to gain a greater understanding of the phenomenon of spirituality and its relationships to occupation and the experience of mental illness.
Methods and Results:  Participants were interviewed and the interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Findings emerged through multiple readings and gradually constructed meanings from the data. Spirituality was found to be: unique to each participant, a journey through life, vitally important to participants, manifested as 'spiritual occupations', the foundation of meaningful doing, important socially as well as individually, and was found to support participants in coping with mental illness. This article focuses on the 'meta', integrative theme of spirituality as life sustaining. It concludes with the notion that spirituality is essential to the participants and is a significant aspect of their occupational behaviour.
Conclusion:  It is recommended that occupational therapists give themselves a 'licence' to discuss spirituality in practice and that they commit to learning more about how spirituality is a part of the lives of their clients.     

许树化学成分研究

目的研究许树Clerodendrum inerme的化学成分。方法利用硅胶柱色谱进行分离和纯化,通过光谱分析鉴定结构。结果分离到8个化合物,鉴定为木栓酮(friedelin,Ⅰ)、豆甾醇(stigmasterol,Ⅱ)、白桦酸(betulinicacid,Ⅲ)、金合欢素(acacetin,Ⅲ)、丁香酸(syringicacid,Ⅳ)、对甲氧基苯甲酸(Ⅴ)、芹菜素(apigenin,Ⅵ)和胡萝卜苷(daucosterol,Ⅶ)。结论化合物Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅳ、Ⅶ为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Medical care solicitation by criminals with gunshot wound injuries: a survey of Washington, DC, jail detainees

BACKGROUND: The best estimates of nonfatal gunshot wounds in the United States come from hospital emergency room data and may miss, among other things, wounded individuals who do not seek medical treatment. Criminals may be those least likely to rely on professional care for their wounds. This study provides evidence of whether medical care is solicited by criminals after gunshot wounds. In addition, the circumstances of the injury events are described. METHODS: A case series of 79 detainees at a Washington, DC, jail who had previously been shot in 93 separate incidents were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Data were obtained concerning the age and race of the victim, the location of the wound, and the length of hospital stay. RESULTS: In 92% of the incidents, respondents reported going to the hospital; one-third of those shot were hospitalized for more than 1 week. More than half (54%) had been hit in the head or torso, and 40% had a current disability attributable to the wound. CONCLUSION: Among these "criminals," the vast majority reported that they obtained professional care for their gunshot wounds. Such evidence suggests that individuals previously thought unlikely to enter the medical care system after a firearm injury usually do so. Statistics on medically treated nonfatal gunshot wounds probably do not substantially underestimate the actual number of nonfatal shootings.     

Stretch of mammalian nerve in vitro: effect on compound action potentials

Stretch of nerve has been reported to decrease the amplitude of the compound action potential (CAP) with a complete block appearing in approximately 30 minutes. But for the most part, those experiments were carried out in vivo, and it is generally accepted that the failure of responses was due to a closure of vessels supplying the nerve with a resulting ischemia and anoxia. These studies were undertaken to determine if stretch of nerve has effects that are independent of interference with its vascular supply. In the studies, lengths of rat sciatic and dog peroneal nerves were removed and placed in a chamber supplied with oxygen in which their CAPs were continuously elicited and recorded. This in vitro preparation obviated interference with the nerve's metabolism on stretching. We have previously shown that the form change termed 'beading,' appearing within 10 seconds and reversing as quickly on relaxation, can be elicited with tensions of only several grams. We wished to determine if stretch adequate to produce beading could alter CAPs with the same rapidity. Tensions below 2 g had little effect. On applying tensions of 10-100 g, levels well above those needed to bead the fibers, both increases and decreases of CAP amplitude were seen. The changes occurred within 10 seconds of stretch application, the time at which beading arises with stretch. Although the decreases of CAP amplitudes could be accounted for by beading, the degree of CAP change did not correspond to the amount of tension applied. We hypothesize that the constrictions in the beaded fibers increase axial resistivity and diminish local currents so as to block conduction. The lack of an increasing degree of decreased CAP amplitude with increases in tension is ascribed to the inhibition of elongation offered by the collagen fibrils present in nerve. Collagenase applied to nerves allowed a further increase in length, producing a 'hyperbeading,' showing much longer lengths of beading constrictions on stretch. This would further increase axial resistance and is taken to account for the greater decreases of CAP amplitudes seen following collagenase treatment. To account for those cases where increases of CAP amplitude were seen on stretch, we hypothesize that stretch can also cause an increase in the excitability of the nodes. The outcome of stretch in any given nerve would be the resultant of two opposing actions; beading of the internodes causes a decrease of local currents leading to block of CAPs, while an increased excitability of the nodes acts to augment the responses.     

蔡炳勤教授治疗外科术后疑难发热医案三则

蔡炳勤教授为广东省名中医,全国老中医药专家学术经验继承工作指导老师,从事中医外科医、教、研40余年,学验俱丰,在中医外科方面颇有建树,提出许多独到的见解,尤其是疑难杂症的治疗,蔡老认为“善治常者,亦善治其变”。笔者有幸侍诊于侧,聆听教诲,受益匪浅,凡遇临床验案便悉心整理。以     

Screening for avascular necrosis of the hip with rapid MRI: preliminary experience

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to compare rapidly acquired MR images with routinely employed SE and turbo SE (TSE) images in screening for hip avascular necrosis (AVN). METHOD: Twelve patients with findings suspicious for radiographically occult AVN of one or both hips were studied with our routine screening protocol (imaging time >7 min) and similarly weighted, rapidly acquired MR sequences (imaging time <1 min). RESULTS: The rapidly acquired MR images were judged to be similar to the routine protocol in demonstrating marrow edema, irregular lines within the femoral head characteristic of AVN, and osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: The rapidly acquired MR sequences that we studied reliably revealed the presence or absence of AVN, marrow edema, and osteoarthritis of the hip in our sample population when compared with SE and TSE sequences that we routinely perform. Further investigation of rapidly acquired MR sequences is warranted, as imaging time may be dramatically reduced and patient throughput increased.     

Measurement of aggregate risk with copulas

Summary When aggregating financial risk on a portfolio level, the specification of the dependence structure between the risk factors plays an important role. Promising parametric models are often based on a so-called copula approach. Case studies of market crashes suggest the application of concepts allowing for extremal dependence. We present a transformed copula as a new model that both fits the data and allows for exact prediction in the tails. It turns out that the new model improves benchmark models like the t- or Clayton copula with respect to risk measures like VaR or Expected Shortfall. By performing different goodness-of-fit tests, the quality of the estimation is examined.