Are vitamin B12 and folate deficiency clinically important after roux-en-Y gastric bypass?

Although iron, vltamm B₁₂, and folate deficiency have been well documented after gastric bypass operations performed for morbid obesity, there is surprisingly little information on either the natural course or the treatment of these deficiencies in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients Durmg a l0-year period, a complete blood count and serum levels of iron, total iron-binding capacity, vltamin B₁₂, and folate were obtained in 348 patients preoperatively and postoperatively at 6-month intervals for the first 2 years, then annually thereafter The principal objectives of this study were to determine how readily patients who developed metabolic deficiencies after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass responded to postoperative supplements of the deficient micronutrient and to learn whether the risk of developmg these deficiencies decreases over time Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were slgnificantly decreased at all postoperative intervals in comparison to preoperative values Moreover, at each successive interval through 5 years, hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased signifiantly compared to the preceding interval Folate levels were significantly increased compared to preoperative levels at all time intervals Iron and vltamin B₁₂ levels were lower than preoperative measurements and remained relatively stable postoperatively Half of the low hemoglobin levels were not associated with iron deficiency Taking multivltamin supplements resulted in a lower incidence of folate deficiency but did not prevent iron or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency Oral supplementation of iron and vitamin B₁₂ corrected defiaencies in 43% and 81% of cases, respectively Folate deficiency was almost always corrected with multivitamins alone No patient had symptoms that could be attributed to either vitamin B₁₂ or folate deficiency Conversely, many patients had symptoms of iron deficiency and anenua Lack of symptoms of vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiency suggests that these deficiencies are not clinically important after RYGB Conversely, iron deficiency and anemia are potentially serious problems after RYGB, particularly in younger women Hence we recommend prophylactic oral iron supplements to premenopausal women who undergo RYGB     

Intraoperative cell salvage with autologous transfusion in liver transplantation

Liver transplant(LT) is the primary treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. About 25000 LTs are performed annually in the world. The potential for intraoperative bleeding is quite variable. However, massive bleeding is common and requires blood transfusion. Allogeneic blood transfusion has an immunosuppressive effect and an impact on recipient survival, in addition to the risk of transmission of viral infections and transfusion errors, among others.Techniques to prevent excessive bleeding or to use autologous blood have been proposed to minimize the negative effects of allogeneic blood transfusion.Intraoperative reinfusion of autologous blood is possible through previous selfdonation or blood collected during the operation. However, LT does not normally allow autologous transfusion by prior self-donation. Hence, using autologous blood collected intraoperatively is the most feasible option. The use of intraoperative blood salvage autotransfusion(IBSA) minimizes the perioperative use of allogeneic blood, preventing negative transfusion effects without negatively impacting other clinical outcomes. The use of IBSA in patients with cancer is still a matter of debate due to the theoretical risk of reinfusion of tumor cells. However, studies have demonstrated the safety of IBSA in several surgical procedures, including LT for hepatocellular carcinoma. Considering the literature available to date, we can state that IBSA should be routinely used in LT, both in patients with cancer and in patients with benign diseases.     

Evaluation of Vitreous Substitutes in Managing Complicated Vitreo-retinal Surgeries

Background

Vitreous substitutes presently in use for intraoperative tamponade are perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) and for post operative tamponade are silicon oil (SO), sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) and perfluorocarbon gas (PFC). Several factors are important for a thorough understanding of each of these vitreous substitutes. The absorption or necessity for removal, indications for use (including clinical studies and special surgical methods), additives and complications of use have to be considered.

Methods

Three port standard pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 60 consecutive cases requiring intra-vitreal intervention. PFCL was used intra-operatively in 30 cases (PFCL group and X group). The eyes were implanted with SO (silicon oil subgroup), PFC (C₃F₈ sub-group) and SF₆ (SF₆ sub-group) in twenty cases each. Apart from best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the retinal status and the longevity of gas when used, changes and reaction in both the anterior and posterior segments were noted.

Result

The difference of postoperative BCVA in the PFCL and non-PFCL groups was statistically significant with p < 0.001. In both the PFCL and non-PFCL groups the difference between preoperative and postoperative BCVA was statistically significant with p < 0.0001. All three vitreous substitutes studied are effective given the case where they had been utilised.

Conclusion

PFCL is invaluable in the management of complicated retinal detachment (RD). Where a vitreous microsurgery is indicated, the visual outcome is good. SF₆ is useful for short-term tamponade. Silicon oil and C₃F₈ are useful for longer tamponade.Key Words: Tamponade, Perfluorocarbon liquids, Silicon oil, Sulphur hexafluoride, Perfluorocarbon gas, Retinal detachment     

Influence of history on saccade countermanding performance in humans and macaque monkeys

The stop-signal or countermanding task probes the ability to control action by requiring subjects to withhold a planned movement in response to an infrequent stop signal which they do with variable success depending on the delay of the stop signal. We investigated whether performance of humans and macaque monkeys in a saccade countermanding task was influenced by stimulus and performance history. In spite of idiosyncrasies across subjects several trends were evident in both humans and monkeys. Response time decreased after successive trials with no stop signal. Response time increased after successive trials with a stop signal. However, post-error slowing was not observed. Increased response time was observed mainly or only after cancelled (signal inhibit) trials and not after noncancelled (signal respond) trials. These global trends were based on rapid adjustments of response time in response to momentary fluctuations in the fraction of stop signal trials. The effects of trial sequence on the probability of responding were weaker and more idiosyncratic across subjects when stop signal fraction was fixed. However, both response time and probability of responding were influenced strongly by variations in the fraction of stop signal trials. These results indicate that the race model of countermanding performance requires extension to account for these sequential dependencies and provide a basis for physiological studies of executive control of countermanding saccade performance.     

T1‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery and T1‐weighted fast spin‐echo contrast‐enhanced imaging: A comparison in 20 patients with brain lesions

T1‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence is a relatively new pulse sequence for intracranial MR imaging. This study was performed to compare the image quality of T1‐weighted FLAIR with the T1‐weighted FSE sequence. Twenty patients with brain lesions underwent T1‐weighted fast spin‐echo (FSE) and T1‐weighted FLAIR during the same imaging session. Four quantitative and three qualitative criteria were used to compare the two sequences after contrast. Two of four quantitative criteria pertained to lesion characteristics: lesion to white matter (WM) contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) and lesion to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CNR, and two related to signals from normal tissue: grey matter to WM CNR and WM to CSF CNR. The three qualitative criteria were conspicuousness of the lesion, the presence of image artefacts and the overall image contrast. Both T1‐weighted FSE and FLAIR images were effective in demonstrating lesions. Image contrast was superior in T1‐weighted FLAIR images with significantly improved grey matter‐WM CNRs and CSF‐WM CNRs. The overall image contrast was judged to be superior on T1‐weighted FLAIR images compared with T1‐weighted FSE images by all neuroradiologists. Two of three reviewers considered that the FLAIR images had slightly increased imaging artefacts that, however, did not interfere with image interpretation. T1‐weighted FLAIR imaging provides improved lesion‐to‐background and grey to WM contrast‐to‐noise ratios. Superior conspicuity of lesions and overall image contrast is obtained in comparable acquisition times. These indicate an important role for T1‐weighted FLAIR in intracranial imaging and highlight its advantage over the more widely practiced T1‐weighted FSE sequence.     

敏定偶用于35岁以上妇女的疗效、安全性和周期控制

<正> 口服避孕药在投放市场之初,应用于各种年龄段的妇女。然而资料显示早期使用的高剂量口服避孕药会增加心肌梗塞的发病率;在1975年,美国食品药物管理局(FDA)不建议40岁以上的妇女服用避孕药,对30岁以上的吸烟妇女建议她们要么停止吸烟要么改换避孕方式。随着研究的进一步深入及低剂量口服避孕药的问市,已证实任何年龄的非吸烟     

Formulation Development,Process Optimization,and In Vitro Characterization of Spray-Dried Lansoprazole Enteric Microparticles

This research focuses on the development of enteric microparticles of lansoprazole in a single step by employing the spray drying technique and studies the effects of variegated formulation/process variables on entrapment efficiency and in vitro gastric resistance. Preliminary trials were undertaken to optimize the type of Eudragit and its various levels. Further trials included the incorporation of plasticizer triethyl citrate and combinations of other polymers with Eudragit S 100. Finally, various process parameters were varied to investigate their effects on microparticle properties. The results revealed Eudragit S 100 as the paramount polymer giving the highest gastric resistance in comparison to Eudragit L 100-55 and L 100 due to its higher pH threshold and its polymeric backbone. Incorporation of plasticizer not only influenced entrapment efficiency, but diminished gastric resistance severely. On the contrary, polymeric combinations reduced entrapment efficiency for both sodium alginate and glyceryl behenate, but significantly influenced gastric resistance for only sodium alginate and not for glyceryl behenate. The optimized process parameters were comprised of an inlet temperature of 150°C, atomizing air pressure of 2 kg/cm², feed solution concentration of 6% w/w, feed solution spray rate of 3 ml/min, and aspirator volume of 90%. The SEM analysis revealed smooth and spherical shape morphologies. The DSC and PXRD study divulged the amorphous nature of the drug. Regarding stability, the product was found to be stable under 3 months of accelerated and long-term stability conditions as per ICH Q1A(R2) guidelines. Thus, the technique offers a simple means to generate polymeric enteric microparticles that are ready to formulate and can be directly filled into hard gelatin capsules.     

Biliary decompression: an institutional comparison of percutaneous and endoscopic methods

Endoscopically performed biliary drainage (EPBD) is now an alternative to percutaneous biliary drainage. The morbidity, mortality, and survival statistics of 97 patients with obstructive jaundice who had undergone percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and surgery, PTBD alone, EPBD and surgery, or EPBD alone were compared. Overall, the EPBD group had fewer complications and lower mortality than the other groups. When palliative treatment of patients with malignancies was compared, the complication rates associated with EPBD and PTBD were similar; however, mortality was lower with EPBD. No negative effect on survival was found with EPBD. In addition, EPBD offered several additional advantages over PTBD, including fewer bleeding complications, better patient acceptance, and avoidance of external catheter care. EPBD should be considered as a viable alternative to PTBD. Additional studies are needed to determine whether it is to be considered the initial drainage procedure of choice in patients with obstructive jaundice.