Normal motor learning during pharmacological prevention of Purkinje cell long-term depression

Systemic delivery of (1R-1-benzo thiophen-5-yl-2[2-diethylamino)-ethoxy] ethanol hydrochloride (T-588) prevented long-term depression (LTD) of the parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapse induced by conjunctive climbing fiber and PF stimulation in vivo. However, similar concentrations of T-588 in the brains of behaving mice and rats affected neither motor learning in the rotorod test nor the learning of motor timing during classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex. Rats given doses of T-588 that prevented PF-PC LTD were as proficient as controls in learning to adapt the timing of their conditioned eyeblink response to a 150- or 350-ms change in the timing of the paradigm. The experiment indicates that PF-PC LTD under control of the climbing fibers is not required for general motor adaptation or the learning of response timing in two common models of motor learning for which the cerebellum has been implicated. Alternative mechanisms for motor timing and possible functions for LTD in protection from excitotoxicity are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of clinical outcomes after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from a related donor in Japanese patients

A reduced incidence of graft versus host disease (GvHD) has been documented among Japanese allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) patients, as the Japanese are genetically more homogeneous than western populations. To clarify whether this ethnic difference affects the results of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), we conducted a nationwide survey to compare clinical outcomes of allogeneic PBSCT (n = 214) and BMT (n = 295) from a human leucocyte antigen-identical-related donor in Japanese patients. The cumulative incidence of grades II-IV acute GvHD was 37.4% for PBSCT and 32.0% for BMT. The cumulative incidence of extensive chronic GvHD at 1 year was significantly higher after PBSCT than BMT (42% vs. 27%; P < 0.01). The organ involvement patterns of GvHD were different between the two groups. By multivariate analyses, the incidence of chronic GvHD was significantly increased in PBSCT, whereas the stem cell source did not affect the incidence of acute GvHD, transplant-related mortality, relapse or survival. We concluded that Japanese PBSCT patients have an increased risk of chronic GvHD compared with BMT patients, but the incidence of acute GvHD was still lower than in western populations. Thus, the choice of haematopoietic stem cell source should be considered based on data for individual ethnic populations.     

Prognostic and clinical significance of newly acquired complete right bundle branch block in Japan Airline pilots

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic and clinical significance of newly acquired complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) in airline pilots. PATIENTS: This study included pilots with acquired CRBBB, identified from a group of over 2,700 Japan Airline pilots. When the pilots applied for employment, a past medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph were obtained. The pilots with ECG abnormality including CRBBB were not included in the study because of hiring requirements. RESULTS: Thirty-six pilots with CRBBB were identified between 1983 and 2002. All pilots with CRBBB were evaluated for the presence of ischemic heart disease by treadmill exercise testing, echocardiogram and exercise thallium scintigraphy. Twelve individuals underwent coronary angiography. The mean age of pilots was 44.4 +/- 5.8 years. The mean observation period was 10.9 +/- 5.7 years. For each of the 36 study subjects, Holter electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were obtained every 6 months after the CRBBB was detected. Exercise stress testing was performed every year. Exercise thallium scintigraphy was performed every 2 years to detect ischemic heart disease. During the observation period, two pilots stopped flying temporarily because of frequent ventricular premature beats and one pilot stopped flying permanentaly because of atrial fibrillation. During the follow-up period, no cardiovascular events were observed in pilots with CRBBB who had no underlying ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSION: Acquired CRBBB does not confer a poor prognosis, particularly in young men working as a pilot if there is no evidence of ischemia on exercise stress testing, echocardiography and exercise thallium scintigraphy.     

Three-dimensional ultrasonographic imaging of Mikulicz’s disease

Clinical Rheumatology -     

Scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach: A clinical and pathological study of 106 surgical cases

Clinical and pathological characteristics of scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach were studied in 106 cases treated by gastrectomy between 1973 and 1983. The male to female ratio was 0.58. The percentage of scirrhous carcinomas to all gastric carcinomas resected in the same period was three times higher in females than males. The age distribution of the patients suggested that there were two peaks in the forties and sixties in the male, and in the thirties and fifties in the female. The incidence of scirrhous carcinoma in all types of gastric carcinoma was significantly higher in the twenties, thirties and forties compared to the lowest incidence in the seventies. In the female group the primary lesion had a tendency to be adjacent to the fundic gland area and to avoid intestinal metaplasia. In the male the opposite was recognized. Cancer nests with single cells or only several cells were common in this type of carcinoma. These findings suggest that there might be two biologically different scirrhous carcinomas both in the male and the female, the appearance of single carcinoma cells might be favored by female sex hormones and young ages, and not only the original gastric mucosa but also mucosa with intestinal metaplasia could be precursors of single carcinoma cells.     

Metachronous solitary mediastinal lymph node metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by video‐assisted thoracic surgery twice: Report of a case

Solitary mediastinal lymph node metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. We report a case of metachronically solitary mediastinal metastases of HCC treated by video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) twice. A 66‐year‐old man underwent repeated laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation or trans‐arterial catheter chemo‐embolization against HCC for more than 10 years. The level of alpha fetoprotein protein was elevated, and radiological modalities including FDG‐PET revealed solitary mediastinal tumor metachronically. VATS was performed bilaterally twice. The postoperative course was uneventful and there had no recurrence of extra‐hepatic metastases and tumor markers are within normal limits at 18 months after second VATS. VATS is a minimally invasive and useful procedure for solitary mediastinal lymph node metastasis of HCC. If primary HCC was controlled and lymph node metastasis was solitary, mediastinum lymphadenectomy using VATS might give good short and long term results.     

A Rare Case of Delayed Perigastric Abscess after Curative Resection of Early Gastric Cancer by Uncomplicated Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Successful Treatment with Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Drainage

A 72-year-old man had undergone uncomplicated endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with en bloc resection of a localized 20-mm IIc lesion in the anterior wall of the gastric angle. Twenty-eight days later, he was re-admitted with epigastric pain of one-week duration. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a 60-mm mass bordered by viscera; repeat endoscopy confirmed a smooth elevated submucosal tumor at the greater curvature on the oral side of the post-ESD ulcer. We diagnosed him with a perigastric abscess as a complication of ESD and performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage. Subsequently, the symptoms and blood inflammatory parameters improved, and follow-up CT showed the disappearance of the abscess.     

Unilateral active adrenal tuberculosis featuring persistent intermittent fever

The adrenal gland is one of the organs which tuberculosis infects. In most clinical settings bilateral adrenal tuberculosis has been clarified after adrenal insufficiency is overt. On the contrary, active adrenal tuberculosis is rarely detected during the survey of infectious disease. A 68-year-old man was admitted because of intermittent fever. The fever had continued for the last 3 months. The intermittent fever was accompanied with leukocytosis and elevation of C-reactive protein. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor was 1920 U/ml, and beta2-microglobulin was 4.0 mg/l. Bacterial cultures of blood, sputa, urine, bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid did not show any particular bacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was negative in culture of sputa, and there was no tuberculin reaction. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol were 18.5 pmol/l and 527.0 nmol/l, respectively. Abdominal CT scan showed right adrenal mass with a size of 28 x 20 mm, which was low density and had a well-encapsulated homogenous appearance. After the adrenalectomy, histology verified active adrenal tuberculosis. The intermittent fever disappeared, and white blood cells and C-reactive protein normalized. These findings indicate an atypical, rare case of unilateral, active adrenal tuberculosis closely linked to intermittent fever, and without any other organ involvement.     

Pulmonary sarcoidosis with associated bloody pleurisy

A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of non-productive cough and right chest pain. Chest radiographs showed bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, diffuse granular nodules and right pleural effusion. Serum angiotensin-II-converting enzyme and lysozyme levels were elevated. Since thoracentesis indicated bloody pleurisy, video-assisted thoracoscopy was performed and revealed multiple white nodules on both the visceral and parietal pleura. Resected pleural biopsy specimens showed non-caseous granulomas. Furthermore, some nodules were observed to compress and involve small vessels and capillaries. The bloody pleurisy was assumed to have been derived from the rupture of small vessels that had been compressed and affected by the granuloma with sarcoidosis.     

Exercise after heparin administration: new therapeutic program for patients with-option arteriosclerosis oblitrans.

BACKGROUND: A prospective study examined whether a combination of an exercise program and heparin administration improves the clinical symptoms of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) without an indication for surgical revascularization because of the lack of distal target vessels or other reasons such as high surgical risk or lack of a vein conduit from previous coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 19 consecutive patients with symptomatic non-option ASO diagnosed by angiography were randomly assigned to 3 groups: heparin + exercise (walking for 60 min after heparin injection [3,000 units/day IV for 14 days], n = 6), heparin administration only (n = 6), and exercise only (n = 7). Plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were serially measured before and after intravenous administration of heparin. Ankle brachial pressure index was measured and treadmill exercise test (2.5 km/h, 12% slope) was performed before the 2-week treatment, just after finishing treatment, and 12 weeks after beginning the treatment. Ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity test, ocular fundoscopy and fluorescein angiographic fundus photography, were performed before and 12 weeks after the treatment program. In all patients, HGF levels increased more than 4-fold of the basal level at 30 min after heparin injection. Maximum walking time was significantly higher in the heparin + exercise group than in the other 2 groups (p < 0.05). There were no patients who showed pathological retinal angiogenesis. CONCLUSION: The combination of an exercise program and heparin administration improves the clinical symptoms of patients with non-option ASO.