Immunohistochemical analysis of MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 expression in rat plantaris muscle

All three forms of recombinant low voltage-activated T-type Ca²⁺ channels (Ca_v3.1, Ca_v3.2 and Ca_v3.3) exhibit a small, though clearly evident, window T-type Ca²⁺ current ( I _Twindow) which is also present in native channels from different neuronal types. In thalamocortical (TC) and nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) neurones, and possibly in neocortical cells, an I _Twindow-mediated bistability is the key cellular mechanism underlying the expression of the slow (< 1 Hz) sleep oscillation, one of the fundamental EEG rhythms of non-REM sleep. As the I _Twindow-mediated bistability may also represent one of the cellular mechanisms underlying the expression of high frequency burst firing in awake conditions, I _Twindow is of critical importance in neuronal population dynamics associated with different behavioural states.     

Mechanisms responsible for delayed and immediate hemolytic transfusion reactions in a patient with anti-E + Jk(b)+ Di(b) and anti-HLA alloantibodies

Immediate hemolytic transfusion reactions (IHTR) occurred in the course of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTR). An 84-year-old man had received a blood transfusion 20 years ago. Progressive anemia developed, because of continuous bleeding from a bladder tumor. He was transfused with concentrated red blood cells (CRC) which were Rh-E antigen negative, because he had anti-E antibodies (day 0). He received CRC on day 3, and underwent resection of bladder tumor on day 6. Although crossmatch-compatible CRCs were prepared for the operation, those were not required and were kept in a refrigerator in the ward. On day 9, when a CRC kept in the ward was transfused, he suddenly had a IHTR. In order to analyze a mechanism of IHTR, the anti-Jk(b) and anti-Di(b) antibodies, anti-HLA antibodies and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum samples. The anti-Jk(b) and anti-Di(b) antibodies increased prior to IHTR experienced on day 9. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1beta increased from day 2, while the concentration of IL-8 increased from day 7. The anti-HLA class I antibody could be detected 2 days before IHTR. Thus, the anti-Jk(b) and anti-Di(b) antibodies induced the production of inflammatory cytokines and symptoms of DHTR and IHTR. The anti-HLA class I antibody could be produced in spite of using the filer for removing leukocytes, and may take part in the induction of IHTR. Further, blood products should be transfused soon after completing a crossmatch test in patients with anti-RBC alloantibodies.     

Experimental production of pulmonary granulomas. IV. Eosinophilic granuloma.

Pulmonary granulomas induced in rabbits by the endobronchial instillation of mycobacterial chemical fractions were re-examined for eosinophilic infiltration. Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions either of tuberculin type or of wax D type did not induce but rather suppressed eosinophilic infiltration in the inflamed area, although some peptidoglycans which are antigenic for the induction of immediate hypersensitivity and fatty acid fractions were weak stimulators of eosinophilic infiltration. Bacterial endotoxin, LPS, was a potent stimulator. It was found that some long chain fatty acids can cause severe eosinophilic infiltration in the induced granulomas. Arachidonic acid was the most active of those examined, so the activity of its metabolites was tested and PGE2 was found to be most active. As the eosinophilic infiltration was markedly suppressed in animals treated with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (aspirin), the stimulators of eosinophilic infiltration were not fatty acids themselves but their metabolites, PGE2 and some others. The site of permeation of eosinophils from the circulation was found to be arteriolar in the inflamed lung. The granulomatous lesion with eosinophilic infiltration in rabbits is discussed to shed light on the aetiology of eosinophilic granuloma in the human lung.     

Renal glomerulogenesis in medaka fish, Oryzias latipes

We provide an overview of glomerulogenesis in medaka from the embryo to the adult by means of in situ hybridization with the wt1 gene as a marker as well as histology and three-dimensional images. The pronephric glomus starts to develop in the intermediate mesoderm during early somitogenesis, is completed before hatching, and persists throughout the lifetime of the fish. Within 5 days after hatching, mesonephric glomerulus formation begins in the caudomedial end of the pronephric sinus and duct area. The number of glomeruli reaches approximately 200-300 in each kidney within 2 months after hatching. wt1 expression during nephron maturation served as a marker for the formation of the mesenchymal condensate and the nephrogenic body. Existence of mesenchymal condensates and persistence of wt1 expression in the adult kidney suggest that the mesonephros retains precursor cells that may be capable of contributing to neoglomerulogenesis during adulthood. Developmental Dynamics 237:2342-2352, 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Genetic and phenotypic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolates from patients with encephalitis and with hand,foot and mouth disease

Summary Biological and biochemical characters of seven enterovirus 71 (E71) isolates were compared. Four isolates (two from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease [HFMD] and two from patients with encephalitis) grew in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells both at 39.5 and 35° C. However, the remaining three strains (from patients with HFMD) grew at 35° C, but not at 39.5° C. Three temperature-resistant and two temperature-sensitive strains were tested for neurovirulence in monkeys. Temperature-resistant strains were shown to be neurovirulent, whereas temperature-sensitive strains were less neurovirulent. The results suggest correlation between temperature-sensitive growth and neurovirulence in monkeys of E71. Variation in the electrophoretic mobility of the viral polypeptides was detected in three out of seven strains. The fingerprinting of oligonucleotides generated from the viral genome showed similar patterns in two isolates from patients with HFMD and one from patient with encephalitis and variable patterns in each genomic map of remaining four strains. These variations of polypeptide patterns and of oligonucleotide maps could not be correlated with pathogenicity (encephalitis or HFMD), temperature-sensitive growth and neurovirulence in monkeys.With 4 Figures     

Immune Abnormalities Induced by Human Endogenous Retroviral Peptides: With Reference to the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

P15E is a specific sequence among the envelope gene (env)-encoded transmembrane proteins of exogenous and endogenous retroviruses. A synthetic peptide (CKS-17) that shows homology to this p15E region in several species of retrovirus is known to induce immune abnormalities. In this study, we examined the effect of a synthetic peptide derived from a region of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) clone 4-1 ( 4-1) similar to sequences of CKS-17 on the induction of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related immune abnormalities. Our results indicated that this peptide could induce T-cell activation and anergy in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the peptide could also promote the production of interleukins IL-6 and IL-16. These phenomena are representative immune abnormalities observed in SLE patients. Thus, our findings support the possibility that HERV acts as a pathogen in human SLE.     

Effect of macro-creatine kinase in serum on dry chemistry methods results for total creatine kinase activity

Most enzymes in serum that are measured in clinical laboratories can occur in macro-molecular forms in a significantly number of patients. Within dry chemistry (DC) multilayer film, physical barriers may prevent contact macro-molecular enzyme forms with the active reagent ingredients. Here, serum samples with macro-creatine kinase (macro-CK) type 1: CK-immunoglobulin complex or type 2: oligomer mitochondrial CK (CKm) were analyzed for total CK activity on three different DC analyzers: VITROS 700XR, FUJIDRYCHEM 5000, SPOTCHEM SP4410 and a classic wet chemistry (WC) analyzer: HITACHI 7350. Macro-CKs were detected and identified by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Serum with high amounts of oligomer CKm gave CK values by all of DC methods significantly lower than that by the WC method (p < 0.05). Oligomer CKm gradually converts into monomer forms in serum after storage. With increase in day after storage at 4 degrees C, there was a gradual shift in which percent of total CK activity for oligomer CKm decreased while the ratio of total CK activity, DC method/WC method increased. The principle of analytical method for CK activity determination is commonly to all of the DC methods, the WC method and the electrophoretic analysis. These suggest that oligomer CKm is sieved by DC multilayer film elements. In contrast, each of DC method produced highly corrected CK activities for sample containing CK-immunoglobulin complex. This difference in the effects of macro-CKs may depend upon physicochemical characteristics of analytical DC elements.