Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism

We report an outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia among three intensive care unit roommates of patients receiving lyophilized preparations of this fungus. The fungemia was probably due to central venous catheter contamination and resolved after fluconazole treatment. The need for stringent application of proper hygiene when using a probiotic preparation of this organism is emphasized.     

Hepatic Function and Fibrinolysis in Patients with Hereditary Angioedema Undergoing Long-Term Treatment with Tranexamic Acid

Prophylactic treatment with antifibrinolytic agents, epsilon-aminocapriod and tranexamic acid, reduces the incidence and severits of attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema. Long-term ellectivenessor risk of antifibrinolytic agents has not been established. Sixteen patients needing continuous prophylaxis because of frequency and severity of attacks were treated with tranexamic acid. In four patients this treatment was ineffective and the drug was withdrawn after 2 months. A remission or reduction in the frequency or serverity of attacks was observed in 12 patients treated for a period ranging from 8 to 34 months. Hepatic tests and blood fibrinolytic activity were not influenced by long term oral treatment with tranexamic acid.     

Effect of sulglycotide treatment on cell kinetics alterations induced by aspirin in humans

The effect on gastric epithelial cell proliferation of small doses of aspirin was evaluated in 9 healthy volunteers, with or without administration of sulglycotide, a sulfated glycopeptide with cytoprotective properties. Cell kinetics study was performed by incubation of gastric biopsies with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and immunohistochemistry. A decrease of BrdU-labeling index and a shortening of the height of gastric columns were observed after treatment with aspirin and placebo. No variations were observed after treatment with aspirin and sulglycotide. A decrease of the epithelial cell renewal could be one of the damaging effects of aspirin on the gastric mucosa. The treatment with sulglycotide seems to be effective to prevent this alteration.     

Administration of ciprofibrate to lactating mothers induces PPARα-signaling pathway in the liver and kidney of suckling rats

It is well known that the hypolipidemic drug ciprofibrate induces peroxisome proliferation in rodent liver, which in turn leads to the oxidative stress, and modifies some parameters related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The administration of ciprofibrate to rats during the lactating period determined in their pups significant modifications in hepatic peroxisome enzyme activities, induction of the PPARalpha-target gene, Cyp4a10, and perturbation in cell proliferation and apoptosis, which affected the size of the liver. Moreover, this modification was associated to about two-fold induction of mRNA-PPARalpha. On the contrary, in the kidney, although a similar two-fold up-regulation of PPARalpha was detected, the induction of both peroxisomal enzyme activities and Cyp4a10 were weak, and no alterations were detected, neither in cell cycle nor in the size of the tissue. Our results indicate that the response to ciprofibrate is stronger in the liver than in the kidney of newborn rats.     

A kindred with MYH-associated polyposis and pilomatricomas

MYH-associated polyposis (MAP) is a recently described autosomal recessive form of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) associated with susceptibility to colorectal carcinoma (CRC). MAP is caused by biallelic inactivating mutations of the MYH gene, a component of the base excision repair (BER) machinery, whose dysfunction leads to an increase in the rate of G > T transversions following DNA oxidative damage. MAP patients can present with either classic or attenuated polyposis. However, the MAP colonic and extracolonic phenotype has yet to be defined. We report on two siblings, born from consanguineous parents, who were found to be homozygotes for an MYH frameshift mutation. The propositus presented with a low number of colonic lesions and an early-onset CRC. Both siblings had a history of pilomatricomas, benign tumors derived from hair follicles, in childhood. The findings presented provide further evidence of phenotypic variability in MAP, and suggest that multiple pilomatricomas may be a useful cutaneous marker of MAP.     

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with a patella-tendon-bone graft may lead to a permanent loss of bone mineral content due to decreased patellar tendon stiffness

Immobilisation induces bone loss. Evidence from studies in animals and healthy humans that were immobilised for a limited time indicates that, in general, bone mass may be restored even in adults. Following conservative management of partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), bone loss is often negligible (2-3%). After surgical reconstruction, however, there is greater bone loss (15-20%), with little or no recovery. Bones adapt to the stresses they experience. Also, the largest forces in the musculoskeletal system arise from muscle pull. Tendons transmit these forces. Many surgical techniques for ACL reconstruction use autologous tendon grafts. We hypothesise that tissue harvesting causes weakening of the formerly intact tendon, which, in turn, leads to reduced muscle pull and subsequent bone loss in those parts of the bone that are loaded by the tendon. If our hypothesis holds true, it may change patients' and surgeons' choice of management. Clinical follow-up should assess the functional result with greater scrutiny, possibly including the assessment of bone mineral content. This may be particularly important since there is accumulating evidence that a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) preceedes, and hence may be a cause of, osteoarthritis.     

Lethal encephalitis in myeloid differentiation factor 88-deficient mice infected with herpes simplex virus 1

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a large DNA virus from the Herpesviridae family, is the major cause of sporadic lethal encephalitis and blindness in humans. Recent studies have shown the importance of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune response to HSV-1 infection. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a critical adaptor protein that is downstream to mediated TLR activation and is essential for the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we studied the relationship between MyD88 and HSV-1 using a purified HSV-1 isolated from a natural oral recurrent human infection. We observed the activation of TLR-2 by HSV-1 in vitro using Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with a reporter gene. Interestingly, we found that only peritoneal macrophages from MyD88-/- mice, but not macrophages from TRL2-/- or from wild-type mice, were unable to produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha in response to HSV-1 exposure. Additionally, although TLR2-/- mice showed no enhanced susceptibility to intranasal infection with HSV-1, MyD88-/- mice were highly susceptible to infection and displayed viral migration to the brain, severe neuropathological signs of encephalitis, and 100% mortality by day 10 after infection. Together, our results suggest that innate resistance to HSV-1 is mediated by MyD88 and may rely on activation of multiple TLRs.     

The pathogenesis of inflammatory muscle diseases: on the cutting edge among the environment,the genetic background,the immune response and the dysregulation of apoptosis

Inflammatory muscle diseases (IMD), including dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM), affect skeletal muscle, leading to profound tissue modification. The etiology of IMD is unknown, but multiple steps of the disease pathogenesis have been identified. The main alterations involve the immune response. Cellular infiltrates found in the muscle provide strong evidence for the involvement of a preferential immune mechanism of muscle damage. The pathologic differences found between PM and DM indicate a different role played by cell-mediated and humoral immune alterations. It is well accepted that in the pathogenetic pathway both host genes and environmental factors are involved. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a complex process that plays a key role in many physiological events. It regulates the turnover of immune cells and is one of the mechanisms involved in ensuring a competent, non-autoreactive repertoire of lymphocytes. Apoptosis as a mechanism of muscle fibre death has been described in several neuromuscular disorders and muscular dystrophies, and evidence of a lack of apoptosis in IMD suggests a failure of apoptotic clearance of inflammatory cells playing a role in the maintenance of chronic cytotoxic muscle fibre damage. Most likely, the failure of apoptosis seems to be the main hallmark of the pathogenesis of IMD.