Evaluation of a new equation for LDL-c estimation and prediction of death by cardiovascular related events in a German population-based study cohort

A simple equation established by Cordova &; Cordova (LDL-COR) was developed to provide an improved estimation of LDL-cholesterol in a large Brazilian laboratory database. We evaluated this new equation in a general population cohort in Pomerania, north-eastern Germany (SHIP Study) compared to other existing formulas (Anandaraja, Teerakanchana, Chen, Hattori, Martin, Friedewald and Ahmadi), and its power in the prediction of death by atherosclerosis related events as the primary outcome. Analysis was conducted on a cohort of 4075 individuals considering age, gender, use of lipid lowering therapy and associated co-morbidities such as diabetes, hepatic, kidney and thyroid disease. LDL-COR values had a lower standard deviation compared to the previously published equations: 0.92 versus 1.02, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.09, 1.10 and 1.74?mmol/L, respectively. All of the factors known to affect the results obtained by the Friedewald’s equation (LDL-FW), except fibrate use, were associated with the difference between LDL-COR and LDL-FW (p?p?=?.06). LDL-COR determined a higher hazard ratio (1.23 versus 1.12, 1.19, 1.21, 1.19, 1.21 and 1.19) for cardiovascular disease related mortality, incident stroke or myocardial infarction compared to the other evaluated formulas, except for Ahmadi’s (1.24), and the same adjusted predictive power considering all confounding factors. The proposed simple equation was demonstrated to be suitable for a more precise LDL-c estimation in the studied population. Since LDL-c is a parameter frequently requested by medical laboratories in clinical routine, and will probably remain so, precise methods for its estimation are needed when direct measurement is not available.     

Non-coronary cardiac events,younger age,and IVIG unresponsiveness increase the risk for coronary aneurysms in Italian children with Kawasaki disease

Clinical Rheumatology - Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most frequent cause of acquired heart disease in children in high-income countries because of coronary artery involvement. Risk factors for...     

Performance of transcatheter pacing system use in relation to patients’ age

Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology - Advanced non-fluoroscopic mapping systems for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have shown to be an effective treatment of atrial fibrillation....     

Long-term Outcome of Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy for Grade III and Grade IV Hemorrhoids

Purpose  This study was designed to assess the long-term results of stapled hemorrhoidopexy in 291 patients with Grade III and Grade IV hemorrhoids after a minimum follow-up of five years. Methods  Records of patients submitted to stapled hemorrhoidopexy for Grade III and Grade IV hemorrhoids between January 1999 and December 2002 were retrospectively analyzed. Long-term outcome was evaluated with a standardized questionnaire and an office visit, including anorectal examination and rigid proctoscopy. Results  A total of 291 patients with Grade III (57.4 percent) and Grade IV (42.6 percent) hemorrhoids were evaluated. Intraoperative (20.3 percent) and postoperative (4.8 percent) bleeding was the most frequent complication. The questionnaire was submitted to all patients at a median follow-up of 73 (range 60–93) months. There were no symptoms related to hemorrhoids in 65.3 percent of patients, moderate symptoms in 25.4 percent of patients, and severe symptoms in 9.3 percent of patients. Fifty-three (18.2 percent) patients had recurrence. Reoperation was necessary in 21 (7.2 percent) patients (4 in Grade III hemorrhoids and 17 in Grade IV hemorrhoids; P < 0.001), with no recurrent symptoms and/or prolapse. Patient satisfaction for operation was 89.7 percent. Conclusions  Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is a safe and effective treatment for Grade III and Grade IV hemorrhoids. Recurrence requiring reoperation was higher in Grade IV hemorrhoids than in Grade III hemorrhoids. Reprints are not available.     

Ultrasound evaluation of centenarians' gallbladder

Background: Ultrasound (US) examination of gallbladder is considered to be reliable, both in morphological and functional evaluation. We used US to study the gallbladder of a series of centenarians in order to show the characteristics of this organ in these subjects. We then compared the data obtained with two control populations omposed of elderly and adult subjects, respectively. Methods: US examination was done after an overnight fast and after emptying the gallbladder at 15-min intervals for a period of 90 min. To induce emptying of the gallbladder, we chose a semisolid meal with a small caloric value (370 kcal). The following parameters were evaluated: fasting gallbladder volume (in milliliters) before administration of the meal (considered to be 100%); gallbladder emptying (according to the formula: fasting gallbladder volume minus post-meal gallbladder volume at 10-min intervals divided by fasting gallbladder volume: the result of this operation was multiplied by 100); gallbladder motor functions, such as ejection volume (ml), is considered as the difference between fasting gallbladder volume and residual volume; ejection fraction (%), considered as the difference between fasting gallbladder volume and residual volume, is expressed as percentage fasting volume; and ejection rate (%/min) is calculated by dividing ejection fraction by time requested to reach the residual volume. Results: We found a common bile duct diameter that was significantly higher in centenarians than in the elderly and adults. Gallbladder wall thickness was significantly higher in centenarians than in adults. We also found substantially significant differences between centenarians with and without gallstones and elderly and adult subjects in the following parameters: mean gallbladder volume (reduced), residual volume (reduced), ejection volume (reduced) and ejection rate (reduced). The differences were not significant for the ejection fraction, and they were slightly reduced in centenarians compared to the other groups. There was a negative correlation between age and axial length (transverse diameter), age and width and age and common bile duct (CBD) diameter in the elderly group only. Conclusions: The study of gallbladder function in elderly people and centenarians is important because this parameter is related to the quality of digestion and absorption of many alimentary substances as well as to the formation of cholesterol gallstones. We found that gallbladder functions in centenarians are almost normal with respect to the elderly and adults. Contractility was higher than in our elderly sample. This fact ensures a correct concentration of bile salts and a good intestinal transit rate. It may represent one of the factors allowing for good digestive function in these subjects, which contributes to their health status.     

Myocardial dysfunction and abnormal left ventricular exercise response in autonomic diabetic patients

In diabetic patients, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of exercise-induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remain controversial. In this study, the role of myocardial contractility recruitment in determining an abnormal LV response to isometric or dynamic exercise has been investigated in 14 diabetic patients with autonomic dysfunction. Ischemic heat disease was excluded by the absence of LV wall motion abnormalities induced by isotonic and isometric exercise and by coronary angiography. Left ventricular and myocardial function were studied at rest, and during isometric and isotonic exercise, by two-dimensional echocardiography; moreover, recruitment of an inotropic reserve was assessed by postextra-systolic potentiation at rest and at peak handgrip. An abnormal response of LV ejection fraction to isometric (9/14) or to dynamic (8/14) exercise was frequent in study patients. In these patients, baseline myocardial contractility was normal, and the significant increase in ejection fraction by postextrasystolic potentiation indicated a normal contractile reserve (65 ± 7% vs. 74 ± 6%, p=0.001). Nevertheless, the downward displacement of LV ejection fraction-systolic wall stress relationships during exercise suggests an inadequate increase in myocardial contractility. However, the abnormal ejection fraction at peak handgrip was completely reversed by postextrasystolic potentiation (67 ± 6% vs. 58.1 ± 10%, p=0.008), a potent inotropic stimulation independent of the integrity of adrenergic cardiac receptors. A defective inotropic recruitment, despite the presence of a normal LV contractile reserve, plays an important role in deexercise LV dysfunction in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy.