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Objective
The aim of this paper is to study the opportunity costs (OC) that are involved in being a caregiver and to compare them with the direct costs assumed by the State and the families. We evaluate direct cost (those that imply a payment-out-of-pocket) and indirect cost (those that imply a dedication in time). We hypothesized that costs increase with the severity of the dementia, with the educational level and active occupational situation of caregiver. They are greater if the caregiver is male, but if the patient and caregiver cohabit they are reduced.Method
778 surveys were analyzed. Data was collected using a questionnaire specifically designed for the purpose, with the collaboration of Alzheimer's Diseases Associations in Andalusia (Spain). For the indirect cost, we used the reveal preferences method. For the comparison between groups an ANOVA and a MANOVA was done.Results
The hypotheses were confirmed. The OC exponentially increases with severity. More than 55% of costs are assumed by families. Occupied people have higher educational level and incomes and contract more external support. Costs are significantly higher for male caregivers. Cohabiting reduces all kinds of costs.Conclusions
The relationship between educational level and employment situation lead to think that if these variables are greater more people will seek professional support. Cultural reasons still maintain women as main caregivers for all educational levels. The existence of these informal caregivers as the main care providers is a saving for the State, and a brake for the development of professional supply. 相似文献34.
María Cabrerizo Gloria Trallero María José Pena Amaia Cilla Gregoria Megias Carmen Mu?oz-Almagro Eva Del Amo Diana Roda Ana Isabel Mensalvas Antonio Moreno-Docón Juan García-Costa Nuria Rabella Manuel Ome?aca María Pilar Romero Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz María José Santos-Mu?oz Cristina Calvo And the study group of “Enterovirus parechovirus infections in children under ?years-old Spain” PI- 《European journal of pediatrics》2015,174(11):1511-1516
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Luis J García-Flórez Guillermo Gómez-álvarez Ana M Frunza Luis Barneo-Serra Manuel F Fresno-Forcelledo 《World journal of gastrointestinal surgery》2015,7(9):196-202
AIM: To establish the association between lymph node involvement and the response to neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.METHODS: Data of 130 patients with mid and low locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by radical surgery over a 5-year period were reviewed. Tumor staging was done by endorectal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy was determined by T-downstaging and tumor regression grading (TRG). Pathologic complete response (pCR) is defined as the absence of tumor cells in the surgical specimen (ypT0N0). The varying degrees TRG were classified according to Mandard’s scoring system. The evaluation of the response is based on the comparison between previous clinico-radiological staging and the results of pathological evaluation. χ2 and Spearman’s correlation tests were used for the comparison of variables.RESULTS: Pathologic complete response (pCR, ypT0N0, TRG1) was observed in 19 cases (14.6%), and other 18 (13.8%) had only very few residual malignant cells in the rectal wall (TRG2). T-downstaging was found in 63 (48.5%). Mean lymph node retrieval was 9.4 (range 0-38). In 37 cases (28.5%) more than 12 nodes were identified in the surgical specimen. Preoperative lymph node involvement was seen in 77 patients (59.2%), 71 N1 and 6 N2. Postoperative lymph node involvement was observed in 41 patients (31.5%), 29 N1 and 12 N2, while the remaining 89 were N0 (68.5%). In relation to ypT stage, we found nodal involvement of 9.4% in ypT0-1, 22.2% in ypT2 and 43.7% in ypT3-4. Of the 37 patients considered “responders” to neoadjuvant therapy (TRG1 and 2), there were only 4 N+ (10.8%) and the remainder N0 (89.2%). In the “non responders” group (TRG 3, 4 and 5), 37 cases were N+ (39.8%) and 56 (60.2%) were N0 (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer is associated with lymph node involvement. 相似文献
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Lalia Y. Ibrahim Krank P. DiFilippo Geremy E. Steed Manuel D. Cerqueira 《Journal of nuclear cardiology》2006,13(6):855-866
Conclusion Several quality-control measures take place before (patient and camera preparation) and during SPECT acquisition to achieve
high-quality images. Not uncommonly, technologists and physicians are left with suboptimal images that have to be addressed
to reach the “right answer” for patient diagnosis and hence management. In many cases patients may be reimaged, especially
if the problem is detected early, but in other cases either the patient has left the nuclear laboratory or there is an inevitable
problem that, even with reimaging, will not be resolved. In these situations the technologist and physician have to seek the
available techniques to obtain the best images possible. These resources are discussed in this issue as an aid in quality
control to obtain the best possible images. 相似文献
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Manuel P Magalh?es 《Revista portuguesa de cardiologia》2003,22(10):1197-1199
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Manuel Steiner Andishe Attarbaschi Margit K nig Helmut Gadner Oskar A. Haas Georg Mann 《Pediatric hematology and oncology》2004,22(1):11-16
Constitutional trisomy 21 is the most prominent predisposing factor to childhood leukemia, whereas the t(12;21)(p13;q22) with its molecular genetic counterpart, the TEL/AML1 fusion gene, is the most common acquired chromosomal rearrangement in childhood B-cell precursor (BCP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Thus, it was somewhat surprising that according to the currently available literature the incidence of TEL/AML1+ BCP ALL is extremely low in patients with Down syndrome (DS). To further investigate this issue in a population-based fashion, the authors retrospectively assessed the number of DS patients with a TEL/AML1+ ALL in two consecutive Austrian ALL multicenter trials. Accordingly, they were able to analyze 8 of 10 individuals with DS and a BCP ALL, including 2 who suffered from a TEL/AML1+ leukemia. Based on this observation we concluded that individuals with a constitutional trisomy 21 may have the similar likelihood to develop a TEL/AML1+ leukemia as BCP ALL patients without this specific predisposing factor. 相似文献
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