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Anshul Goel Dhananjaya Sabat Pritam Agrawal 《Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma》2016,7(1):61-65
Medial condyle Hoffa fractures are intra articular injuries, which require prompt anatomical reduction and internal fixation. Arthroscopy-guided fixation of these fractures has also been advocated; the advantages include avoidance of soft tissue dissection, fast recovery and mobilization. We describe a case of a 28-year-old male patient presenting with a 10-day-old medial condylar Hoffa fracture. Skin condition prevented from conventional open reduction and internal fixation; hence, taking note of the urgency of fixation of an intraarticular fracture, arthroscopic-assisted minimally invasive approach was performed with good outcome. 相似文献
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Shilpa Rao Anita Mahadevan Tanmoy Maiti Manish Ranjan Shivayogi Durgad Shwetha Arimappamagan Arivazhagan Jitender Saini 《APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica》2016,124(12):1072-1077
Hypophysitis includes three histopathologically distinct entities – granulomatous, lymphocytic and xanthomatous forms. Etiopathogenesis and the immunological differences among these is not well characterized. This study aims to explore the immunopathogenesis of granulomatous and lymphocytic forms of hypophysitis. Demographic, clinical, endocrine function and radiological features of 33 histologically confirmed cases of hypophysitis were reviewed. Immunophenotyping of inflammatory component was performed in 13/33 cases. Visual disturbances (46%), headache (36%), polyuria/polydipsia (6%), menstrual disturbance (6%) and galactorrhoea (6%) were the frequent presenting symptoms. Endocrine abnormalities were noted in 11/18 cases evaluated (61%). Hypothyroidism was the most common endocrine abnormality (33.33%) followed by hyperprolactinaemia (22%) and hypocortisolism (16.66%). On neuroimaging, sellar mass with variable contrast enhancement was observed. On histology, granulomatous hypophysitis (GH) was more common (84.84%) than lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) (15.15%). In GH, the infiltrate had almost equal proportions of CD3+ T cells and CD68+ histiocytes. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) predominated [CD4:CD8 < 1]. CD20+ B cell component ranged from <5% to 50%. Fibrosis, necrosis and giant cells accompanied GH. LH in contrast, had CD4+ T‐helper cell predominance [CD4: CD8 > 1]. CD68+ histiocytes constituted <20% and CD20+ B cells, 5–40% of the infiltrates. In conclusion, GH revealed cytotoxic T cell and histiocyte rich infiltrate in contrast to CD4+ T‐cell predominance in LH suggesting that the two forms have distinct immunological mechanisms in evolution, an autoimmune process in LH and type IV hypersensitivity response in GH. 相似文献
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