Respiration and heart rate complexity: Effects of age and gender assessed by band-limited transfer entropy

Aging and disease are accompanied with a reduction of complex variability in the temporal patterns of heart rate. This reduction has been attributed to a break down of the underlying regulatory feedback mechanisms that maintain a homeodynamic state. Previous work has established the utility of entropy as an index of disorder, for quantification of changes in heart rate complexity. However, questions remain regarding the origin of heart rate complexity and the mechanisms involved in its reduction with aging and disease. In this work we use a newly developed technique based on the concept of band-limited transfer entropy to assess the aging-related changes in contribution of respiration and blood pressure to entropy of heart rate at different frequency bands. Noninvasive measurements of heart beat interval, respiration, and systolic blood pressure were recorded from 20 young (21–34 years) and 20 older (68–85 years) healthy adults. Band-limited transfer entropy analysis revealed a reduction in high-frequency contribution of respiration to heart rate complexity (p < 0.001) with normal aging, particularly in men. These results have the potential for dissecting the relative contributions of respiration and blood pressure-related reflexes to heart rate complexity and their degeneration with normal aging.     

Does the impact of elective temporary clipping on intraoperative rupture really influence neurological outcome after surgery for ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms?—A prospective multivariate study

Background

Elective temporary clipping (ETC) is increasingly used in surgery for aneurysms. This study was to assess whether the impact of ETC on intraoperative aneurysmal rupture (IAR) translates into neurological outcome.

Methods

Patients who underwent surgery for ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms were prospectively studied for various factors related to ETC, IAR and neurological outcome at 3 months. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using SPSS20.

Results

Of the total 273 ruptured aneurysm surgeries studied, IAR was observed in only six out of 132 aneurysms (4.5 %) who had ETC, compared with 78 out of 141 (55.3 %) without ETC (p?<?0.001). Aneurysms complicated by IAR had significantly longer clipping time (8.3 min) compared with those without IAR (1.9 min) (p?<?0.001). IAR had significant association with unfavorable outcome (38 % vs. 24 %) (p?=?0.02). Patients with ETC had significantly shorter clipping time (2.9 min) compared with those without ETC (4.8 min) (p?=?0.02). Unfavorable outcome was noted in 30 out of 132 with ETC (23 %), compared with 48 out of 141 without ETC (34 %) (p?=?0.04). This beneficial effect was nonsignificantly greater in younger and good clinical grade patients. While episodes of ETC within clipping time of 20 min did not show significant difference in outcome, repeated rescue clipping (45 % unfavorable outcome, p?=?0.048) and total clipping time of at least 20 min (75 % unfavorable outcome, p?=?0.008) had significant impact on outcome. In multivariate analysis, the use of ETC (p?=?0.027) and total temporary clipping less than 20 min (p?=?0.049) were noted to result in significantly better outcome, independent of other factors.

Conclusions

The use of ETC decreased the occurrence of IAR and the total clipping time, thereby leading to significantly better outcome, independent of other factors. While repeated elective clipping within total clipping time of 20 min did not influence outcome, repeated rescue clipping and total clipping time of at least 20 min had significant impact on outcome.     

Utility of Sonoclot analysis and tranexamic acid in tetralogy of Fallot patients undergoing intracardiac repair

Sonoclot analysis is a point of care test to monitor the coagulation process, presenting a comprehensive evaluation of the clot formation and retraction as well as platelet function. This randomized double-blinded study was designed to investigate the utility of Sonoclot analysis in monitoring the coagulation profile as also the antifibrinolytic effects of tranexamic acid administered in patients with tetralogy of Fallot undergoing intracardiac repair. Eighty of a total 94 patients were randomly divided into two groups of 40 each. In the study group, TA was administered thrice at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, i.e. before CPB, on CPB and after CPB, whereas in the control group, placebo was administered at the same time intervals. Sonoclot analysis and D-dimer measurement were performed at baseline and following heparin neutralisation. An additional variable, DR?? (diminishing rate of clot strength at 15 min postmaximal clot strength), was calculated from the Sonoclot graph and was compared with d-dimer levels as a measure of fibrinolysis. The three Sonoclot variables, i.e. activated clotting time, clot rate and platelet function, were deranged at baseline in all the patients. Post-CPB, the change in these variables was not significant. ACT, clot rate and platelet function showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference in both the groups at both the time intervals. DR?? and d-dimer values were comparable at baseline in both the groups. However, a significant (P < 0.05) difference was seen in these variables in the control group as compared with the TA group following heparin neutralisation. To conclude, Sonoclot analysis is a useful, point of care method for the monitoring of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with tetralogy of Fallot undergoing intracardiac repair.