Pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery following accidental trauma: result of treatment by percutaneous stent-graft placement

Accidental trauma frequently involves the extremities, and can extend to involve their blood supply, causing exsanguinating hemorrhage and pseudoaneurysm in the involved blood vessel. This is traditionally managed by surgical repair. We report a case in which control of life-threatening hemorrhage and exclusion of a large, post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm in the superficial femoral artery was performed by a commercially available stent-graft, without complication. This treatment method may be a safe and effective alternative to surgery in selected patients. Received: 10 February 1998; Revision received: 31 March 1998; Accepted: 20 April 1998     

Neuromuscular transmission failure due to common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) envenomation

Neurophysiological studies were performed in 12 patients with neuromuscular paralysis due to envenomation by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus). All patients presented with an acute, reversible, oculofaciobulbar paresis. In addition, 7 patients had weakness of the limb muscles and 4 required assisted mechanical ventilation. Neurophysiological abnormalities included: (1) a reduction in the amplitude of the median-elicited compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in 4 patients; and (2) a decremental response (>10%) to 3-Hz repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in 4 patients. With 1 exception, these abnormalities were noted only in clinically weak muscles. The administration of edrophonium to 6 patients produced an insignificant increase in CMAP amplitudes as well as partial (not significant) improvement in the decremental response to 3-Hz RNS. Neurophysiological studies were performed in 2 patients before and after the administration of 20 mL of polyvalent antivenom. A decrease in amplitude of the median-elicited CMAP amplitude occurred after the administration of antivenom. In 1 patient, administered 100 mL of antivenom, the median-elicited CMAP amplitude increased and the decrement to 3-Hz RNS decreased. Neurophysiological studies can provide useful information regarding the nature, severity, and therapy of the neuroparalytic syndrome of krait envenomation.     

Stochastic modeling of consumer preferences for health care institutions

This paper proposes a stochastic procedure for modeling consumer preferences via LOGIT analysis. First, a simple, non-technical exposition of the use of a stochastic approach in health care marketing is presented. Second, a study illustrating the application of the LOGIT model in assessing consumer preferences for hospitals is given. The paper concludes with several implications of the proposed approach.     

Microbial flora of women with chronic cervicitis

The present study comprised 50 patients of chronic cervicitis attending gynaecological clinic of Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. The aim of the study was to isolate some of the common sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens in chronic cervicitis. Cervical swabs were taken from the patients. The swabs were analysed by various microbiological techniques. Most (78%) of the patients harboured infection, no growth of any organism was found in 22% cases. Ureaplasma urealyticum was the predominant organism isolated in 56% of cases. It was isolated singly in 38% of cases. Various other organisms isolated singly were Chlamydia trachomatis in 2% of cases, candida species in 2% of cases, Staphylococcus epidemidis in 4% of cases, lactobacillus in 4% of cases, and Staphylococcus aureus in 2% of cases. Multiple organisms were isolated in 26% of cases.     

Neurilemmoma of cervical sympathetic chain

Neurilemmoma of the cervical sympathetic chain is a rare nerve tumour. Less than 40 confirmed cases have been reported in the literature.1 2 Sometimes they can he mistaken as carotid body tumour but usual presentation of these lesions is an asymptomatic neck mass. Because of the rarity of the tumour we report another case of neurilemmoma arising from cervical sympathetic chain in a 19 years old male.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep-what a nightmare!

According to DSM IV criteria, sleep disturbances are incorporated in the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These include the re-experiencing symptoms (nightmares, criteria B) and a hyperarousal state (difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, criteria D). PTSD patients commonly complain of sleep disturbances. Moreover, insomnia, restless sleep and trauma-related dreams might be the primary complaint of some patients. However, although subjective sleep disturbances are considered characteristic of PTSD, sleep laboratory studies have provided inconsistent evidence of objective sleep disorders. A variety of sleep architectures and sleep patterns has been reported in PTSD. However, only a few studies have controlled for comorbidities. Thus, uncertainty exists to what extent the sustained complaints of sleep disturbances in chronic PTSD are specifically related to the impact of exposure to traumatic stress, or rather are a consequence of comorbid disorders. Specific changes in REM sleep suggest a pathophysiologic role of REM sleep abnormality in PTSD (e.g. anxiety dreams, increased REM density, exaggerated startle response, decreased dream recall and elevated awakening thresholds from REM sleep). However, again, studies have failed to show consistent changes in percentage of REM sleep or in REM latency. There might be a coexistence of pressure to REM along with inhibitory forces of REM that result in high variability of REM parameters across patients. Alternatively, changes in REM sleep might reflect the effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders that results in inconsistent findings between patients. The current review tries to address these issues based on recent studies carried out in this field.     

Bioequivalence evaluation of two marketed brands of stavudine 40 mg capsules in healthy human South African volunteers.

Stavudine (d4T), a thymidine nucleoside analogue has been effectively used for treatment of patients infected with HIV. A randomized, two-way, crossover study was conducted in 24 fasting, healthy, Caucasian male volunteers to compare plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and single-dose tolerability of a new d4T formulation (Stavir, Cipla Ltd, India; 40 mg capsule, test, T) with that of reference (R) formulation (Zerit), Bristol-Myers Squib, NJ, USA; capsule, 40 mg). Each volunteer received T and R formulation separated by at least 10 days of drug free wash-out period. Plasma concentrations of d4T, determined upto 24h post-dose by a validated LC-MS/MS assay were utilized to assess PK parameters such as maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), and area under plasma concentration curve (AUC(infinity)). The primary plasma PK parameters, Cmax, and AUC(infinity), of anti-retroviral were comparable for either of the formulations. tmax was achieved within an hour suggesting rapid absorption of d4T from both formulations. Geometric mean ratios (GMR) (percentage reference) of AUC(infinity) and Cmax, and their 90% confidence intervals (CI) were 106.32 [102.52-110.26] and 102.32 [90.25-116.00], respectively. As the 90% CI of GMR were entirely within 80-125% for log-transformed parameters, two formulations were considered bioequivalent, in the extent and rate of absorption. Both formulations exhibited similar tolerability under fasting conditions.