青蒿琥酯在奶牛体内的药代动力学与代谢

青蒿琥酯(artesunate,AS)是抗疟新药青蒿素的一个活性衍生物。近年来我国兽医工作者将其用于治疗牛羊泰勒氏焦虫病及双芽、巴贝斯焦虫病、鸡球虫病和耕牛血吸虫病,也收到了满意的效果。AS在大白鼠、兔、狗及人体内的药代动力学研究已见报道。本     

Endoscopic SIS injection into the lower oesophageal sphincter in dogs

Aim To determine the usefulness of endoscopically-delivered small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a scaffold in enhancing the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressures. Methods Six dogs were endoscopically injected - four with the SIS and two with its glycerin carrier. Manometry was performed prior to injection and every four weeks post-op. Results Adequate and site correct injections were made in four dogs. In one dog, significant augmentation of pressures were obtained at four weeks. None had significant changes in pressure at eight weeks, differences in length at either four or eight weeks or significant differences in the thickness of the examined layers. Four of the six had capillary cushions on pathological examination. The dog injected with the carrier had a loose and disorganised collection, while the others were well organised. Conclusion SIS is a biologically compatible material. Lack of an animal model for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) makes determining the ability of injections of SIS to combat reflux problematic.     

Intranasal c-di-GMP-adjuvanted plant-derived H5 influenza vaccine induces multifunctional Th1 CD4+ cells and strong mucosal and systemic antibody responses in mice

Vaccination is the best available measure of limiting the impact of the next influenza pandemic. Ideally, a candidate pandemic influenza vaccine should be easy to administer and should elicit strong mucosal and systemic immune responses. Production of influenza subunit antigen in transient plant expression systems is an alternative to overcome the bottleneck in vaccine supply during influenza pandemic. Furthermore, a needle-free intranasal influenza vaccine is an attractive approach, which may provide immunity at the portal of virus entry.The present study investigated the detailed humoral and cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with plant-derived influenza H5N1 (A/Anhui/1/05) antigen alone or formulated with bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) as adjuvant. The use of c-di-GMP as intramuscular adjuvant did not enhance the immune response to plant-derived influenza H5 antigen. However, intranasal c-di-GMP-adjuvanted vaccine induced strong mucosal and systemic humoral immune responses. Additionally, the intranasal vaccine elicited a balanced Th1/Th2 profile and, most importantly, high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4⁺ cells. Our results highlight that c-di-GMP is a promising mucosal adjuvant for pandemic influenza vaccine development.     

Intramuscular Matrix-M-adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine induces high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4 cells and strong antibody responses in mice

Ideally, a candidate pandemic influenza vaccine should elicit rapid and strong cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, which are long-lasting and exhibit broad cross-reactivity against drifted strains. The present study investigated the detailed humoral and cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with inactivated influenza H5N1 (NIBRG-14) virosomal vaccine alone or formulated with Matrix-M adjuvant. The intramuscular Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccine induced a strong immediate and long-term humoral immune response with high cross-reactivity against drifted H5N1 viruses and showed a dose-sparing potential. Additionally, the vaccine induced a balanced Th1/Th2 cytokine profile and most importantly high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4⁺ cells. Our results highlight that Matrix-M adjuvant is a promising parenteral adjuvant for formulating pandemic candidate vaccines.