10种中药有效成分抑制口腔主要致病菌比较

目的：为评价常见中药对口腔主要致病菌作用及其作为口腔保健用药的可能性。方法：从文献报导中有抗致龋作用的中草药中选择出１０种中药或天然植物进行１０种代表性的口腔致病菌的药敏试验。结果：茶多酚和鞣酸具有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用。结论：初步认为茶多酚和鞣酸更适合作为预防和治疗口腔疾病的保健用药。     

Hypercholesterolemia promotes early renal dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Background

Aging and dyslipidemia are processes which can lead to deleterious consequences to renal function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of both hypercholesterolemia and aging on renal function in mice.

Methods

Male hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE, n = 13) and age-matched C57BL/6 control mice (C57, n = 15) were studied at 2 (young) and 8 (adult) month-old. At each time point, animals were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hours to urine volume and urinary creatinine quantification. Blood samples were collected for serum cholesterol, urea and creatinine measurements. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated through creatinine clearance determination. Mesangial expansion was evaluated by Periodic Acid Schiff staining, renal fibrosis was determined through Masson's trichrome staining and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the kidney was performed by Western Blotting. To statistical analysis two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's post hoc test was used.

Results

Total plasma cholesterol was increased about 5-fold in ApoE mice at both time points compared to C57 animals. At 2-month-old, GFR was already markedly reduced in ApoE compared to C57 mice (187 ± 28 vs 358 ± 92 μL/min, p < 0.05). Adult C57 (-77%) and ApoE (-50%) mice also presented a significant reduction of GFR. In addition, serum urea was significantly increased in young ApoE animals compared to C57 mice (11 ± 1.3 vs 7 ± 0.9 mmol/L, p < 0.01). A significant mesangial expansion was observed at 2-month old ApoE mice compared to C57 mice (35 ± 0.6 vs 30 ± 0.9%, respectively, p < 0.05), which was aggravated at 8-month old animals (40 ± 3 and 35 ± 3%, respectively). Tubulointersticial fibrosis was augmented at both young (17 ± 2%, p < 0.05) and adult (20 ± 1%, p < 0.05) ApoE mice compared to respective C57 age controls (8 ± 1 and 12 ± 2%, respectively). The expression of nNOS was markedly reduced in a time-dependent manner in both strains.

Conclusions

These data show that both hypercholesterolemia and aging contribute to the loss of renal function in mice.

     

The humoral immune response and protective efficacy of vaccination with inactivated split and whole influenza virus vaccines in BALB/c mice

Recently the urgency of developing a pandemic influenza vaccine has lead to the re-evaluation of the use of whole virus vaccine. We have compared the humoral immune response and the protective efficacy of whole and split influenza virus vaccines in mice. Whole virus vaccine was more immunogenic particularly after the first dose of vaccine, generally eliciting higher numbers of systemic antibody secreting cells and an earlier and higher neutralising antibody response. Immunisation with one dose of whole virus vaccine more effectively reduced viral shedding upon non-lethal homologous viral challenge, but two doses of split virus vaccine was most effective at limiting viral replication and this was correlated with high influenza specific serum IgG concentrations. The two vaccine formulations induced different T helper profiles particularly after one dose of vaccine; split virus vaccine induced a type 2 bias response, whereas whole virus vaccine elicited a dominant type 1 response.     

异种骨支架材料的制备及其理化性能

目的:对比观察猪骨支架材料与同种异体骨支架材料的理化性能及力学性能。方法:实验于2006-03/12在南方医科大学人体解剖教研室(暨南方医科大学临床解剖学研究所和广东省组织构建与检测重点试验室)完成。实验材料:低温深冻6个月的6只成年猪(雌雄各3只)和4具新鲜健康成人尸体(男女各2具,由广州市红十字会南方医科大学遗体捐献接收点提供,家属知情同意)髂骨。实验方法:剔除软组织,刮除骨髓和骨膜,用锯骨机将松质骨切成5mm×5mm×40mm左右的骨条,超声清洗、H2O2和乙醇浸泡、甩干、冻干、辐照处理得到异种骨支架材料和同种异体骨支架材料。实验评估:①对2种材料进行扫描电镜观察。②对比2种材料孔隙率、蛋白质和钙磷含量及力学性能。结果:①扫描电镜观察结果:2种材料均具有骨本身的骨小梁、小梁间隙及骨内管腔系统,具有天然网状结构。三维支架系统形态完整。其中猪源性异种骨支架材料较人同种异体骨支架材料具有更多的三维孔隙,2种材料的孔隙大小接近,均在400μm左右。②材料蛋白质、钙磷含量及力学性能检测结果:异种骨支架材料的孔隙率高于同种异体骨[(57.20±1.37)%,(53.21±1.63)%,P<0.005],但蛋白含量低于同种异体骨[(23.36±0.48)%,(26.50±0.23)%,P<0.005],钙、磷含量与同种异体骨比较差异无显著性[钙:(1.7×105),(1.8×105)μg/g;磷:(1.0×105),(1.0×105)μg/g],2种材料弹性模量差异无显著性。结论:猪源性异种骨支架材料在理化性能方面与人骨支架材料极相近,可为骨细胞的生成提供基本的保证。     

肺纤维化模型大鼠肺组织中转化生长因子β1及转化生长因子β1mRNA的表达及黄芪莪术合剂的干预效应

目的:分析中药黄芪莪术合剂对博莱霉素所致大鼠肺间质纤维化的干预作用。方法:实验于2002-10/2003-02在天津中医药大学动物实验室完成。①健康SD大白鼠60只,正常饲养1周后,随机分为正常对照组6只、模型组18只、黄芪莪术合剂组18只、强的松组18只。②经气管滴入博莱霉素复制肺纤维化大鼠模型,黄芪莪术合剂组给予40.5mg/L黄芪莪术合剂,强的松组给予0.63g/L强的松盐水溶液,均采用灌胃方式给药,每次1.5mL,1次/d。正常对照组、模型组给予等量生理盐水。③模型组、黄芪莪术合剂组、强的松组分别于造模第3,7,21天每组6只麻醉下取右肺下叶组织后处死,正常对照组于第3天麻醉下取右肺下叶组织后处死。④采用免疫组织化学方法和原位杂交方法检测肺组织转化生长因子β1及转化生长因子β1mRNA的表达。结果:进入结果分析大鼠55只,中途脱落5只。①转化生长因子β1表达:造模第3,7,21天模型组高于正常对照组(P<0.01),黄芪莪术合剂组和强的松组明显低于模型组(P<0.01～0.05)。造模第3,21天强的松治疗组低于黄芪莪术合剂治疗组(P<0.05)。②转化生长因子β1mRNA表达:造模第3,7,21天模型组高于正常对照组,黄芪莪术合剂组和强的松组明显低于模型组(P<0.01);第7天时,强的松治疗组低于黄芪莪术合剂治疗组,第21天时黄芪莪术合剂治疗组低于强的松治疗组,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:中药黄芪莪术合剂具有显著抑制博莱霉素致大鼠肺纤维化的作用,抑制转化生长因子β1及转化生长因子β1mRNA的表达是其可能的机制之一。     

常见角膜致病真菌基因芯片检测方法的实验

目的:建立一种根据基因芯片原理,对国内真菌性角膜病常见致病菌种进行快速检测和准确检测的实验方法。方法:实验于2004-11/2006-04在河南省生物工程中心分子生物学实验室和河南省角膜病重点实验室完成。将针对国内临床上常见的角膜致病真菌6属12种,包括腐皮镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、梨状镰孢菌、尖孢镰孢菌、烟曲霉菌、黄曲霉菌、土曲霉菌、黑曲霉菌、新月弯孢菌、牵连青霉菌、链格孢霉菌、白色念珠菌,并经修饰的特异性寡核苷酸探针固定在两种材料的片基上。用一对通用引物,对上述真菌的DNA基因片断进行扩增,将带有特殊标记的扩增产物与片基上排列的探针进行杂交,对12株标准菌株和82株临床分离株样本采用双盲法原则进行检测,从而对两种不同片基芯片的特异性和灵敏度进行判断和评估。结果:①在两种不同材料的片基上,均可以高效率结合经过修饰和加尾的寡核苷酸探针,玻片约为35mer,尼龙膜约为400mer,可靠性较好。②通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察,12种真菌均产生了530～630bp的聚合酶链反应扩增产物,在相同的条件下对其进行杂交检测,得到了具有各自特征的杂交后显色图谱,玻片为荧光显色,尼龙膜为生物素-亲和素显色,可直接从杂交显色图谱上对不同菌种区分判断。③两种芯片均可与低于琼脂糖凝胶电泳显色浓度一个数量级的聚合酶链反应扩增产物反应,敏感性高于聚合酶链反应检测;在对82株临床分离株样本检测中,79株经聚合酶链反应扩增琼脂糖凝胶电泳均显示扩增产物条带,无非特异性杂交反应发生;玻片灵敏度为92.4%,尼龙膜灵敏度87.3%,χ2检验差异无显着性(P>0.05)。结论:实验建立了以ITS区基因为靶标的寡核苷酸探针芯片检测系统,具有较好的特异性和灵敏度,能够在三四个小时内完成对临床上常见的12种角膜致病真菌的菌种检测。     

恒磁场对大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞基质金属蛋白酶的影响

目的:观察不同磁感应强度恒磁场对培养的大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞基质金属蛋白酶2活性的影响,以探讨磁场是否能用于经皮冠状动脉支架介入治疗术后再狭窄的防治。方法:实验于2005-12/2006-08在解放军第四军医大学西京医院心内科实验室完成。取纯种雄性SD大鼠,体质量200～250g,用含体积分数为0.1小牛血清的DMEM培养液体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞,实验随机分为对照组,1Gs恒磁场组、5Gs恒磁场组、10Gs恒磁场组、50Gs恒磁场组,其中对照组不予磁场干预,其他各组分别给予磁场干预继续培养48h。运用基质金属蛋白酶2活性酶图分析法结合吸光度扫描分析,观察恒磁场对血管平滑肌细胞的基质金属蛋白酶2表达的影响。结果:与对照组相比,各组基质金属蛋白酶2的活性均明显被抑制,差异有显著性意义[(831.25±2.38)×102,(690.57±2.57)×102,(574.35±1.98)×102,(401.05±1.96)×102,(316.23±3.24)×102,P<0.05],不同磁场强度组组间分析显示具有剂量依赖性,随磁场强度加大,抑制作用也增强。结论:适当强度的恒磁场抑制血管平滑肌细胞的基质金属蛋白酶2活性的表达,磁场对经皮冠状动脉支架介入治疗术后的再狭窄可能具有防治作用。     

The mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by a chitosan-adjuvanted intranasal influenza H5N1 vaccine

Please cite this paper as: Svindland et al. The mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by a chitosan‐adjuvanted intranasal influenza H5N1 vaccine. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI:10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00271.x. Background Development of influenza vaccines that induce mucosal immunity has been highlighted by the World Health Organisation as a priority (Vaccine 2005;23:1529). Dose‐sparing strategies and an efficient mass‐vaccination regime will be paramount to reduce the morbidity and mortality of a future H5N1 pandemic. Objectives This study has investigated the immune response and the dose‐sparing potential of a chitosan‐adjuvanted intranasal H5N1 (RG‐14) subunit (SU) vaccine in a mouse model. Methods Groups of mice were intranasally immunised once or twice with a chitosan (5 mg/ml)‐adjuvanted SU vaccine [7·5, 15 or 30 μg haemagglutinin (HA)] or with a non‐adjuvanted SU vaccine (30 μg HA). For comparison, another group of mice were intranasally immunised with a whole H5N1 (RG‐14) virus (WV) vaccine (15 μg HA), and the control group consisted of unimmunised mice. Results The chitosan‐adjuvanted SU vaccine induced an immune response superior to that of the non‐adjuvanted SU vaccine. Compared with the non‐adjuvanted SU group, the chitosan‐adjuvanted SU vaccine elicited higher numbers of influenza‐specific antibody‐secreting cells (ASCs), higher concentrations of local and systemic antibodies and correspondingly an improved haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) response against both the homologous vaccine strain and drifted H5 strains. We measured a mixed T‐helper 1/T‐helper 2 cytokine response in the chitosan‐adjuvanted SU groups, and these groups had an increased percentage of virus‐specific CD4⁺ T cells producing two Thelper 1 (Th1) cytokines simultaneously compared with the non‐adjuvanted SU group. Overall, the WV vaccine induced higher antibody concentrations in sera and an HI and SRH response similar to that of the chitosan‐adjuvanted SU vaccine. Furthermore, the WV vaccine formulation showed a stronger bias towards a T‐helper 1 profile than the SU vaccine and elicited the highest frequencies of CD4⁺ Th1 cells simultaneously secreting three different cytokines (INFγ⁺, IL2⁺ and INFα⁺). As expected, two immunisations gave a better immune response than one in all groups. The control group had very low or not detectable results in the performed immunoassays. Conclusion The cross‐clade serum reactivity, improved B‐ and T‐cell responses and dose‐sparing potential of chitosan show that a chitosan‐adjuvanted intranasal influenza vaccine is a promising candidate vaccine for further preclinical development.     

A cell‐based H7N1 split influenza virion vaccine confers protection in mouse and ferret challenge models

Background In recent years, several avian influenza subtypes (H5, H7 and H9) have transmitted directly from birds to man, posing a pandemic threat. Objectives We have investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell based candidate pandemic influenza H7 vaccine in pre‐clinical animal models. Methods Mice and ferrets were immunised with two doses of the split virus vaccine (12–24 μg haemagglutinin) with or without aluminium hydroxide adjuvant and challenged 3 weeks after second dose with the highly pathogenic A/chicken/Italy/13474/99 (H7N1) virus. The H7N1‐specific serum antibody response was also measured. After challenge, viral shedding, weight loss, disease signs and death (only mice) were recorded. Results Low‐to‐modest serum antibody titres were detected after vaccination. Nevertheless, the vaccine induced significant protection from disease after challenge with the wild‐type virus. In the murine lethal challenge model, vaccination effectively prevented death and, furthermore, formulation with adjuvant reduced excessive weight loss and viral shedding. In ferrets, vaccination reduced viral shedding and protected against systemic spread of the virus. Conclusions We have extended to the H7 subtype the finding that protective efficacy may not be directly correlated with the pre‐challenge levels of serum antibodies, a finding which could be of great importance in assessing the potential effectiveness of pandemic influenza vaccines.