全膝关节置换术后的骨溶解：胫骨盘表面的修饰及聚乙烯衬垫灭菌方法对其的影响术 后5至10年的报告

背景：从关节和胫骨假体聚乙烯衬垫后表面转移磨损碎屑，是全膝关节置换术后假体周围骨溶解的主要原因。全膝人工关节假体设计随时问而发生变化，例如对胫骨盘近端表面的粗糙度和聚乙烯衬垫的灭菌方法。我们假设胫骨盘表面抛光和采用空气中γ射线照射之外的其他方法对衬垫灭菌，可降低骨溶解的发生率。方法：从1987年至1998年，我们采用后十字韧带保留型的解剖型组配式全膝人工关节假体系列。对300名患者施行365例全膝关节置换术。术后5至10年，对这些患者的膝关节摄正、侧位X线片。由两位关节置换专家对X线片上的骨溶解状况进行单独评定（骨溶解的界定标准为假体周围存在边缘清晰的非线性松质骨丢失区）。结果：在粗糙表面的胫骨盘的242例膝关节中，使用空气中γ射线照射灭菌的衬垫固定，有34％（82例）骨溶解阳性。用惰性气体中γ射线照射或没有照射的衬垫与抛光表面连接的98例膝关节中，有9％（9例）骨溶解阳性。骨溶解与六项因素相关，这些因素为：一项与患者（男性）相关、一项与胫骨盘（近端表面抛光）相关、三项与聚乙烯衬垫（加工的原材料、灭菌方法及存放时间）相关及一项与手术技术（股骨假体与胫骨假体间的过伸）相关。结论：在这类假体设计中，胫骨盘近端表面采用抛光及衬垫采用更为先进的灭菌方法（不用空气中γ射线照射灭菌）能显著减少骨溶解的发生率，但不能避免骨溶解。     

Kidney‐Induced Cardiac Allograft Tolerance in Miniature Swine is Dependent on MHC‐Matching of Donor Cardiac and Renal Parenchyma

Kidney allografts possess the ability to enable a short course of immunosuppression to induce tolerance of themselves and of cardiac allografts across a full‐MHC barrier in miniature swine. However, the renal element(s) responsible for kidney‐induced cardiac allograft tolerance (KICAT) are unknown. Here we investigated whether MHC disparities between parenchyma versus hematopoietic‐derived “passenger” cells of the heart and kidney allografts affected KICAT. Heart and kidney allografts were co‐transplanted into MHC‐mismatched recipients treated with high‐dose tacrolimus for 12 days. Group 1 animals (n = 3) received kidney and heart allografts fully MHC‐mismatched to each other and to the recipient. Group 2 animals (n = 3) received kidney and heart allografts MHC‐matched to each other but MHC‐mismatched to the recipient. Group 3 animals (n = 3) received chimeric kidney allografts whose parenchyma was MHC‐mismatched to the donor heart. Group 4 animals (n = 3) received chimeric kidney allografts whose passenger leukocytes were MHC‐mismatched to the donor heart. Five of six heart allografts in Groups 1 and 3 rejected <40 days. In contrast, heart allografts in Groups 2 and 4 survived >150 days without rejection (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that KICAT requires MHC‐matching between kidney allograft parenchyma and heart allografts, suggesting that cells intrinsic to the kidney enable cardiac allograft tolerance.     

COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF URETHRAL ARTERY LOCATION: POTENTIAL IMPLICATION FOR TECHNIQUE OF VISUAL INTERNAL URETHROTOMY

Purpose

We assessed the location of urethral arteries in patients with urethral stricture using color Doppler ultrasound.

Materials and Methods

We performed 41 color ultrasound studies of the urethra in 33 patients 17 to 76 years old. The linear array transducer was placed on the ventral surface of the penis and perineum to image the urethra and periurethral structures. In addition of evaluating the extent of stricture disease, color Doppler ultrasound determined the location of the urethral arteries at the segment with stricture.

Results

The number and site of the urethral arteries vary among individuals. Contrary to the common belief that these arteries are located at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions, we have found that in the bulbous urethra the arteries are at the 1 to 2 o'clock positions in 14% of cases, 3 to 4 in 22%, 5 to 6 in 17%, 7 to 8 in 18%, 9 to 10 in 18% and 11 to 12 in 11%. The arteries may be close to the surface of the urethral lumen, especially in patients who have undergone previous urethral procedures. Preoperative evaluation of urethral artery location may be helpful for preventing arterial bleeding at visual internal urethrotomy.

Conclusions

Color Doppler ultrasound can effectively assess the extent of stricture disease and urethral artery sites. Because the location of the urethral arteries varies among patients, individual preoperative assessment is advisable. Color Doppler ultrasound is currently our imaging method of choice for evaluating strictures of the pendulous and bulbous urethra.     

TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PARTIALLY OBSTRUCTED EJACULATORY DUCTS: SEMINAL PARAMETERS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOMES ACCORDING TO THE ETIOLOGY OF OBSTRUCTION

Purpose

We determine how transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts performed for infertility affects seminal parameters and pregnancy outcomes in patients with partial ejaculatory duct obstruction due to a congenital or acquired etiological factor.

Materials and Methods

Based on history and physical examination, hormonal profiles, semen analyses, transrectal ultrasonography and vasography findings partial ejaculatory duct obstruction was diagnosed in 14 men a mean of 30 years old who presented for infertility evaluation. Patients were grouped according to congenital or acquired cause of obstruction. Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts was performed using the standard resectoscope loop technique. Clinical outcome was assessed by postoperative analyses of seminal parameters and pregnancy reports.

Results

Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts significantly improved semen quality (ejaculate volume and percentage of sperm motility) in all patients in the congenital group, while all but 1 (83%) had an improved sperm count. Pregnancy was achieved via sexual intercourse by 66% of the patients an average of 5.7 months postoperatively. Of the acquired etiological factor group 37.5% had improved semen quality after transurethral resection of ejaculatory duct and 12.5% achieved pregnancy via sexual intercourse. Postoperative complications occurred at a similar rate in each group (33%). However, complications in the congenital etiology group were minor, while 25% of the men in the acquired group had significant impairment of seminal parameters after transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts.

Conclusions

Semen quality improvement and pregnancy outcome after transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts for partial ejaculatory duct obstruction differ significantly according to the main etiological cause of obstruction. An equivocal diagnosis of partial obstruction and technical problems during transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts may contribute to failure. However, in some cases the reason for failure remains unclear.     

无支架异种生物瓣膜主动脉瓣替换术后左室功能变化

评价无支架异种生物瓣膜主动脉瓣替换术后２年左室功能的变化。将８０例同期施行主动脉瓣替换病人分为２组，５０例（年龄６９．３±９．３岁）应用ＴｏｒｏｎｔｏＳＰＶＴＭ瓣；３０例（年龄７１．６±７．７岁）作为对照组接受支架人工瓣膜替换。术前、术后１、６、１２及２４个月间记录Ｍ型及Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ超声心动图，采用计算机图像数字分析，定量测定左室功能的变化。随访期间，Ｔｏｒｏｎｔｏ组主动脉瓣跨瓣压差为０．８±０．６ｋＰａ（６．０±４．５ｍｍＨｇ），明显低于对照组２．３±０．９ｋＰａ（１７．３±６．８ｍｍＨｇ）；术后１个月，左室心肌质量下降２５％，左室＋Ｖｃｆ及－Ｖｃｆ明显增加（２．０±０．８／１．４±０．３ｓ－１，Ｐ＜０．０１；２．８±１．２／１．８±０．７ｓ－１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。术后６个月，左室功能进一步改善，心室肥厚的消退更趋完全，该变化在其后的随访期间保持稳定。结论：与支架瓣膜相比，无支架异种生物瓣膜具有较大瓣口开放面积及低跨瓣压差，这促进了术后左室功能的恢复及病理性肥厚的逆转