Towards potent but less toxic nanopharmaceuticals – lipoic acid bioconjugates of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles with an anticancer drug and addressing unit

Modification of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with the lipoic acid derivative of folic acid was found to enhance their accumulation in the cancer cell, as compared to AuNPs without addressing units. The application of lipoic acid enabled the control of the gold nanoparticle functionalities leading to enhanced solubility and allowing for attachment of both the folic acid and the cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin. More robust attachment of doxorubicin to the nanoparticle through the amide bond resulted in toxicity comparable with that of the drug alone, opening a new perspective for designing more potent, but less toxic nanopharmaceuticals. The increased uptake was accompanied by pronounced nuclear accumulation and observable cytotoxicity. Doxorubicin binding via covalent amide bonds enhanced stability of the whole drug vehicle and provided much better control over doxorubicin release in the cell environment, as compared to physical adsorption or pH sensitive bonding commonly used for anthracycline carriers. Confocal microscopy revealed that the bond was stable in the cytoplasm for 22 h. The ability to slow down the rate of drug release may be crucial for the application in sustained anticancer drug delivery. Biological analyses performed using MTT assay and confocal microscopy confirmed that the ultrasmall AuNPs with the lipoic acid derivative of folic acid exhibit relatively low cytotoxicity, however when loaded with a chemotherapeutic, they cause a significant reduction in the cell viability.

Modification of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with the lipoic acid derivative of folic acid was found to enhance their accumulation in the cancer cell, as compared to AuNPs without addressing units.     

Does Nordic walking improves the postural control and gait parameters of women between the age 65 and 74: a randomized trial

[Purpose] To assess the effect of 12-weeks Nordic walking training on gait parameters and some elements of postural control. [Subjects and Methods] Sixty-seven women aged 65 to 74 years were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into a Nordic Walking group (12 weeks of Nordic walking training, 3 times a week for 75 minutes) and a control group. In both study groups, a set of functional tests were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the study: the Forward Reach Test (FRT) and the Upward Reach Test (URT) on a stabilometric platform, and the analysis of gait parameters on a treadmill. [Results] The NW group showed improvements in: the range of reach in the FRT test and the URT test in compared to the control group. The length of the gait cycle and gait cycle frequency also showed changes in the NW group compared to the control group. [Conclusion] A 12-week NW training program had a positive impact on selected gait parameters and may improve the postural control of women aged over 65 according to the results selected functional tests.Key words: Nordic walking, Postural control, Gait