股骨颈的实验力学研究

目的 股骨的不同颈干角、不同扭转角以及弹性模量对股骨颈中松质骨受力的影响。方法 在股骨颈的松质骨中植人力传感器,在Instron材料试验机上进行两种不同的加载速度,四种不同载荷进行试验分析。结果 颈干角越大,股骨颈中的松质骨的受力越小,扭转角越大,受力越小,股骨模量与股骨颈中的松质骨受力相关,快速的冲击使股骨颈中的松质骨承受较大的力,但是当超过松质骨的弹性形变,慢速的压缩载荷使松质骨承受较大的应力。结论 正常的颈干角,扭转角是有利于松质骨的承受负荷,颈干角大,松质骨受力变小,不利于股骨颈中的松质骨的骨小梁的保持,尤其是发生骨质疏松,松质骨变得稀疏,更不能承力,容易发生骨折。扭转角大,松质骨受力变小,也会造成松质骨的稀疏,骨折的风险也会大。     

“J”状塑型双腔气管导管插管操作对成功率及术后声音嘶哑、咽喉痛的影响

目的 观察双腔气管导管(double-lumen endotracheal tube,DLT)塑型对插管成功率及术后声音嘶哑(声嘶)、咽喉痛的影响,从而为寻求更好的DLT塑型插管提供依据. 方法 择期全身麻醉下行胸科手术患者160例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,参照随机数字表法分成DLT插管塑型组和非塑型组(每组80例),两组根据左右DLT插管各分为两组(A、B、C、D组,每组40例),又根据性别再各分为两个亚组(A1、A2、B1、B2、C1、C2、D1、D2组,每组20例).两组均采用经口明视气管插管,塑型组采用塑成“J”状的DLT进行插管,非塑型组采用未经塑型保留原有弯度的DLT进行插管.观察DLT插管时间、插管尝试次数及插反情况,患者术后声嘶、咽喉痛发生率及严重程度. 结果 塑型组插管时间[(154±6)s]明显短于非塑型组[(185±13)s](P＜0.05);塑型组插管尝试次数[(1.4±0.4)次]明显少于非塑型组[(1.7±0.8)次](P＜0.05);塑型组插反情况(3次)明显比非塑型组少(11次)(P＜0.05),且与性别无关,但左DLT比右DLT易于插反(P＜0.05).患者术后声嘶发生率塑型组(15/80)明显低于非塑型组(33/80)(P＜0.05);患者术后咽喉痛发生率塑型组(15/80)明显低于非塑型组(31/80) (P＜0.05),且与性别有关,女性较男性术后易发生声嘶、咽喉痛. 结论 “J”状DLT塑型插管成功率高、刺激小,可降低患者术后声嘶、咽喉痛发生率,具有一定的临床推广意义.     

Evaluation of Intraductal Ultrasonography,Endoscopic Brush Cytology and K-ras,P53 Gene Mutation in the Early Diagnosis of Malignant Bile Duct Stricture

Background:In qualitative diagnosis of bile duct stenosis,single diagnostic measure is difficult to make a correct diagnosis,to combine several diagnostic techniques may be helpful to make an accurate ...     

Diagnostic Utility of Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differentiating Small Solid Renal Tumors (≤4 cm) at 3.0T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

The aim of this study was to assess the performance of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement obtained with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) to distinguish renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) from small benign solid renal tumors (≤4 cm).

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, 49 consecutive patients with histopathologically confirmed small solid renal tumors, and seven healthy volunteers were imaged using nonenhanced MRI and DW-MRI. The ADC map was calculated using the b values of 0, 50, 400, and 600 s/mm² and values compared via the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. The utility of ADC for differentiating RCCs and benign lesions was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Multiple nonenhanced MRI features were analyzed by Logistic regression.

Results:

The tumors consisted of 33 cases of clear-cell RCCs (ccRCCs) and 16 cases of benign tumors, including 14 cases of minimal fat angiomyolipomas and 2 cases of oncocytomas. The ADCs showed significant differences among benign tumors ([0.90 ± 0.52] × 10⁻³ mm²/s), ccRCCs ([1.53 ± 0.31] × 10⁻³ mm²/s) and the normal renal parenchyma ([2.22 ± 0.12] × 10⁻³ mm²/s) (P < 0.001). Moreover, there was statistically significant difference between high and low-grade ccRCCs (P = 0.004). Using a cut-off ADC of 1.36 × 10⁻³ mm²/s, DW-MRI resulted in an area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity equal to 0.839, 75.8%, and 87.5%, respectively. Nonenhanced MRI alone and the combination of imaging methods led to an AUC, sensitivity and specificity equal to 0.919, 93.9%, and 81.2%, 0.998, 97%, and 100%, respectively. The Logistic regression showed that the location of the center of the tumor (inside the contour of the kidney) and appearance of stiff blood vessel were significantly helpful for diagnosing ccRCCs.

Conclusions:

DW-MRI has potential in distinguishing ccRCCs from benign lesions in human small solid renal tumors (≤4 cm), and in increasing the accuracy for diagnosing ccRCCs when combined with nonenhanced MRI.     

Differential loss of natural killer cell activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and stable angina pectoris

Background: To evaluate the activity of natural killer cells through their inhibitory and activating receptors and quantity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells extracted from patients with acute myocardial infarction, stable angina pectoris and the controls. Methods: 100 patients with myocardial infarction, 100 with stable angina, and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited into the study. 20 randomly chosen people per group were examined for the whole human genome microarray analysis to detect the gene expressions of all 40 inhibitory and activating natural killer cell receptors. Flow cytometry analysis was applied to all 200 patients to measure the quantity of natural killer cells. Results: In myocardial infarction group, the mRNA expressions of six inhibitory receptors KIR2DL2, KIR3DL3, CD94, NKG2A, KLRB1, KLRG1, and eight activating receptors KIR2DS3, KIR2DS5, NKp30, NTB-A, CRACC, CD2, CD7 and CD96 were significantly down-regulated (P<0.05) compared with both angina patients and the controls. There was no statistical difference in receptor expressions between angina patients and control group. The quantity of natural killer cells was significantly decreased in both infarction and angina patients compared with normal range (P<0.001). Conclusions: The significant mRNAs down-regulation of several receptors in myocardial infarction group and reduction in the quantity of natural killer cells in both myocardial infarction and angina patients showed a quantitative loss and dysfunction of natural killer cells in myocardial infarction patients.     

右美托咪定对大鼠移植肝缺血/再灌注所致急性肺损伤中细胞凋亡及CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定预处理对大鼠原位移植肝缺血/再灌注(I/R)所致急性肺损伤(ALI)中细胞凋亡及CCAAT增强子结合蛋白(C/EBP)同源蛋白(CHOP)的作用.方法 选择雄性SD大鼠40只,按随机数字表法分为假手术组、I/R模型组、右美托咪定低剂量组和右美托咪定高剂量组,每组10只.采用二袖套法结扎并切断肝动脉,供体肝脏移植入后即可完全开放门静脉复制肝I/R模型;假手术组开腹后只游离肝周韧带,不进行其他特殊处理;右美托咪定低剂量组和高剂量组分别于I/R前1 h静脉泵注右美托咪定 2.5μg·kg-1·h-1和5.0μg·kg-1·h-1,1 h内完成.实验结束后留取肺组织,检测肺组织湿/干质量(W/D)比值;光镜下观察肺组织病理学变化并进行肺泡损伤定量评估(IQA),电镜下观察肺组织超微结构变化;反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测CHOP mRNA表达水平;蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测CHOP的蛋白表达水平;原位末端缺刻标记法(TUNEL)检测肺组织细胞凋亡情况,并计算凋亡指数(AI).结果 与假手术组比较,I/R模型组肺W/D比值(4.94±0.84比2.29±0.54)、IQA〔(40.52±5.15)%比(4.55±1.85)%〕和AI〔(36.57±5.85)%比(2.85±0.95)%〕均明显升高(均P<0.0l);光镜和电镜下均显示肺组织结构发生明显的损伤.与I/R模型组比较,右美托咪定低剂量组和右美托咪定高剂量组肺W/D比值(3.29±0.85,2.68±0.78比4.94±0.84)、IQA〔(23.69±2.62)%,(15.86±3.61)%比(40.52±5.15)%〕 和AI〔(25.73±3.71)%,(14.66±2.61)%比(36.57±5.85)%〕均明显降低(均P<0.01),光镜和电镜下可见肺组织结构损伤明显减轻.I/R模型组有大量肺血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞发生凋亡,而右美托咪定低剂量组和高剂量组细胞凋亡则明显减少.与假手术组比较,I/R模型组CHOP mRNA〔吸光度(A)值:0.96±0.18比0.43±0.08〕及蛋白(灰度值:2.79±0.74比1.02±0.27)表达水平均明显升高(均P<0.01).与I/R模型组比较,右美托咪定低剂量组和高剂量组CHOP mRNA(A值:0.69±0.13、0.56±0.12比0.96±0.18)及蛋白(灰度值:1.96±0.58、1.34±0.49比2.79±0.74)表达水平均明显降低,且以高剂量组的降低更显著(均P<0.01).结论 右美托咪定对移植肝I/R肺组织具有保护作用,该作用可能与其抑制CHOP的活化、减少肺组织细胞凋亡有关.     

不同扫描仪构建的结直肠癌全切片数字病理图像中人工标注迁移的研究

目的研究结直肠癌人工智能病理诊断模型构建过程中,病理医师对数字切片癌组织的人工标注在不同扫描仪构建的全切片图像（WSI）中准确迁移的方法。 方法在本研究中,我们提出了一种基于图像配准的标注迁移方法,在来自不同扫描仪的WSI之间建立仿射映射。通过多分辨率最小化两个WSI缩略图之间的互信息来估计最佳仿射映射参数,以避免和改变扫描仪特定特性的影响,减少计算时间。我们使用了181张结直肠癌病理切片,使用两个品牌的扫描仪获得相应的WSI,对上述标注迁移方法进行测试。 结果181张HE切片的扫描结果表明,同一张切片由不同扫描仪构建的WSI在颜色、位置、大小等属性上都有不同的表现。使用我们提出的标注迁移方法,其中179张图像的人工标注成功地在不同扫描仪构建的WSI中迁移,其中125对使用单个CPU核心的计算时间不到1分钟。 结论我们提出了一种快速、准确的全自动的标注迁移方法,用于在不同扫描仪构建的WSI之间传递人工标注。在准备深度学习训练数据过程中,既可以避免病理医师对新图像的重新标注,也可以避免病理医师之间在标注上的差异。     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的气道阻力与运动相关呼吸困难肺功能参数的关系

目的观察稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的各项气道阻力(Raw)参数与运动相关呼吸困难肺功能参数的相关关系。方法前瞻性纳入上海交通大学附属胸科医院和第一人民医院门诊稳定期COPD患者180例,根据慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(GOLD 2017版)制订的肺功能诊断标准分为Ⅰ-Ⅳ级4组,受试前8 h内均未应用支气管舒张剂。所有患者在吸入沙丁胺醇400μg后接受常规肺功能和气道阻力测试。同期选择42例成年健康体检者作为对照组。结果Ⅱ级以上COPD患者的第1秒用力呼气容积和呼出50%肺活量时流量均显著低于健康成年人和Ⅰ级COPD患者,总气道阻力、有效气道阻力、吸气阻力和呼气阻力则呈进行性增高。Ⅲ-Ⅳ级COPD患者的深吸气量占预计值百分比(IC%pred)<80%,同时改良英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表评分超过2分;7例Ⅲ级(13.2%)和14例Ⅳ级COPD患者(33.3%)的吸气分数(IC/TLC)≤25%,而仅有1例Ⅱ级COPD患者的IC/TLC≤25%(1.9%)。结论稳定期中重度COPD患者呼出气流受限趋于加重,Raw各项参数中呼气阻力增高尤为显著。Ⅲ-Ⅳ级COPD患者更易出现运动相关呼吸困难症状,且IC/TLC≤25%。