紫外分光光度法测定平阳霉素霜的含量

目的：用紫外分光光度法测定平阳霉素霜的含量,为该药提供质量控制方法。方法：紫外分光光度法。结果：平阳霉素甲醇液在293.5nm处有最大吸收,在30－70μg/ml范围内吸收度与浓度有良好线性关系,其回归方程为A＝0.01066C-0.008(r=0.9998),平均回收率（n=5)为100．05％,RSD＝0．98％。结论：该法作为平阳霉素霜剂的含量测定方法、快捷准确、简便易行,适用于医院快检。     

Early life establishment of site-specific microbial communities in the gut

Fecal sampling is widely utilized to define small intestinal tissue-level microbial communities in healthy and diseased newborns. However, this approach may lead to inaccurate assessments of disease or therapeutics in newborns because of the assumption that the taxa in the fecal microbiota are representative of the taxa present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. To assess the stratification of microbes in the newborn gut and to evaluate the probable shortcoming of fecal sampling in place of tissue sampling, we simultaneously compared intestinal mucosa and fecal microbial communities in 15 neonates undergoing intestinal resections. We report three key results. First, when the site of fecal and mucosal samples are further apart, their microbial communities are more distinct, as indicated by low mean Sørensen similarity indices for each patient's fecal and tissue microbiota. Second, two distinct niches (intestinal mucosa and fecal microbiota) are evident by principal component analyses, demonstrating the critical role of sample source in defining microbial composition. Finally, in contrast to adult studies, intestinal bacterial diversity was higher in tissue than in fecal samples. This study represents an unprecedented map of the infant microbiota from intestinal mucosa and establishes discernable biogeography throughout the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Our results question the reliance on fecal microbiota as a proxy for the developing intestinal microbiota. Additionally, the robust intestinal tissue-level bacterial diversity we detected at these early ages may contribute to the maturation of mucosal immunity.     

Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1): updated nomenclature

Please cite this paper as: WHO/OIE/FAO. (2012) Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1): Updated nomenclature. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 1–5. Background Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) throughout many regions of the eastern hemisphere has led to the emergence of new phylogenetic groups. A total of 1637 new H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences have become available since the previous nomenclature recommendations described in 2009 by the WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. A comprehensive analysis including all the new data is needed to update HA clade nomenclature. Methods Phylogenetic trees were constructed from data sets of all available H5N1 HA sequences. New clades were designated on the basis of phylogeny and p‐distance using the pre‐established nomenclature system (Emerg Infec Dis 2008; 14:e1). Each circulating H5N1 clade was subjected to further phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence divergence calculations. Results All recently circulating clades (clade 1 in the Mekong River Delta, 2.1.3 in Indonesia, 2.2 in India/Bangladesh, 2.2.1 in Egypt, 2.3.2, 2.3.4 and 7 in Asia) required assignment of divergent HA genes to new second‐, third‐, and/or fourth‐order clades. At the same time, clades 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and several second‐ and third‐order groups from clade 2 have not been detected since 2008 or earlier. Conclusions New designations are recommended for 12 HA clades, named according to previously defined criteria. In addition, viruses from 13 clades have not been detected since 2008 or earlier. The periodic updating of this dynamic classification system allows continued use of a unified nomenclature in all H5N1 studies.     

The role of fatty acid hydrolase gene variants in inflammatory bowel disease

Background  Recent studies suggest a role for the endocannabinoid system, including fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in intestinal inflammation.
Aim  To analyse FAAH expression and the FAAH 385 C/A (p.Pro129Thr; rs324420) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in-patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
Patients and methods  Genomic DNA from 1008 individuals (CD: n  = 435; UC: n  = 167; controls: n  = 406) was analysed for the FAAH 385 C/A SNP. We determined FAAH mRNA expression by quantitative PCR in CD and UC lesions as well as in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs).
Results  There were no significant differences regarding the frequency of this SNP in the three study groups (CD, UC, controls). However, CD patients homozygous for the FAAH p.Pro129Thr polymorphism were more likely to develop a severe disease phenotype associated with fistulas ( P  = 0.03, OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.08–8.98) and extra-intestinal manifestations ( P  = 0.005, OR 4.29, CI 1.49–12.35). In UC, homozygous carriers had an earlier disease onset than wild-type carriers ( P  = 0.01). FAAH mRNA expression correlated with IL-8 mRNA expression in CD lesions ( r  = 0.53). However, pro-inflammatory stimuli did not significantly increase FAAH mRNA expression in IECs.
Conclusion  The FAAH p.Pro129Thr polymorphism may modulate the CD phenotype.     

广东省艾滋病病毒职业性暴露应急系统响应情况分析

目的建立艾滋病病毒(HIV)职业性暴露应急系统,分析应急响应情况。方法回顾性收集和分析2002~2004年报告的广东省各地HIV职业性暴露个案。结果2002~2004年共报告152例HIV职业性暴露个案,其中医务人员占74.34%,干警占13.82%。29.61%是皮肤黏膜接触性暴露,70.39%是创伤性暴露。暴露级别中,一级暴露占57.24%,二级暴露占35.53%,三级暴露占7.24%。94.74%的暴露者进行了暴露后应急局部处理。发生暴露后,只有38.16%的暴露者采用了合理的处理方案。104例(68.42%)进行了预防性服药,但其中仅有27.88%(29/104)的人采用合理的服药方案。48例(31.58%)未进行预防性服药,但其中仅有60.42%(29/48)的人是真正无需预防性服药者。92例暴露者经12个月的随访未发现有感染HIV者。结论广东省HIV职业性暴露应急系统能有效地响应全省HIV职业性暴露事件,但仍需加强对职业性暴露后应急处理技术的知识培训。     

Prevalence, distribution and correlates of tobacco smoking and chewing in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey-2006

Background

In order to improve treatments for cannabis use disorder, a better understanding of factors associated with successful quitting is required.

Method

This study examined differences between successful (n = 87) and unsuccessful (n = 78) cannabis quitters. Participants completed a questionnaire addressing demographic, mental health, and cannabis-related variables, as well as quitting strategies during their most recent quit attempt.

Results

Eighteen strategies derived from cognitive behavioral therapy were entered into a principal components analysis. The analysis yielded four components, representing (1) Stimulus Removal, (2) Motivation Enhancement, (3) (lack of) Distraction, and (4) (lack of) Coping. Between groups comparisons showed that unsuccessful quitters scored significantly higher on Motivation Enhancement and (lack of) Coping. This may indicate that unsuccessful quitters focus on the desire to quit, but do not sufficiently plan strategies for coping. Unsuccessful quitters also had significantly more symptoms of depression and stress; less education; lower exposure to formal treatment; higher day-to-day exposure to other cannabis users; and higher cannabis dependence scores.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that coping, environmental modification, and co-morbid mental health problems may be important factors to emphasize in treatments for cannabis use disorder.     

防治术后高龄肺癌患者心律失常47例

1 临床资料唐都医院胸腔外科自2000-01/2002-01年间共施行高龄肺癌手术216(男167,女49)例,年龄70～82岁,平均年龄75岁.术前心电图异常42例,低氧血症23例,阻塞性和限制性肺通气功能障碍32例.其中行全肺切除15例,肺叶切除163例,肺楔形切除38例.