High-resolution magnetic resonance and volume rendering of the labyrinth

Our aim was to verify the feasibility of volume rendering (VR) of high-resolution magnetic resonance (HR-MR) data sets of the labyrinth. We retrospectively reviewed the HR-MR data sets of 16 consecutive patients with no MR evidence of labyrinthine pathology. High-resolution MR data sets were obtained by means of a 3D T2-weighted FSE sequence with the use of a 3-in. circular surface coil for signal reception, and processed with a high-end workstation. Two reviewers performed separately VR of the labyrinth by selecting the signal intensity interval for attribution of opacity and transparency. Concerning the time taken for definition of the volume of interest, the two observers needed, respectively, 28.9 and 33.1 min (SD ± 8.7–9.5 min), whereas the time taken for VR was respectively, 26 and 33.2 min (SD ± 8.8–8.9 min). Concerning the selection of the signal intensity interval, the two observers had, respectively, 86.4 and 88.7 mean lower threshold (SD ± 34.5–33.5), 488.9 and 495.4 mean upper threshold (SD ± 56.3–53.8). In our experience, we have found VR of HR-MR to offer a reliable and reproducible technique for producing 3D representations of the labyrinth. The VR algorithms use all data within the imaging volume and optimize the dynamic range ascribed to the object being visualized. Received: 9 October 1998; Revised: 14 January 1999; Accepted: 30 June 1999     

Combination therapy with interleukin-6 receptor superantagonist Sant7 and dexamethasone induces antitumor effects in a novel SCID-hu In vivo model of human multiple myeloma.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) protects multiple myeloma cells against apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids. Here, we investigated whether inhibition of the IL-6 signaling pathway by the IL-6 receptor superantagonist Sant7 enhances the in vivo antitumor effects of dexamethasone on the IL-6-dependent multiple myeloma cell line INA-6. For this purpose, we used a novel murine model of human multiple myeloma in which IL-6-dependent INA-6 multiple myeloma cells were directly injected into human bone marrow implants in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (SCID-hu). The effect of in vivo drug treatments on multiple myeloma cell growth was monitored by serial determinations of serum levels of soluble IL-6 receptor (shuIL-6R), which is released by INA-6 cells and served as a marker of tumor growth. In SCID-hu mice engrafted with INA-6 cells, treatment with either Sant7 or dexamethasone alone did not induce significant reduction in serum shuIL-6R levels. In contrast, the combination of Sant7 with dexamethasone resulted in a synergistic reduction in serum shuIL-6R levels after 6 consecutive days of treatment. Gene expression profiling of INA-6 cells showed down-regulation of proliferation/maintenance and cell cycle control genes, as well as up-regulation of apoptotic genes in multiple myeloma cells triggered by Sant7 and dexamethasone combination. In vitro colony assays showed inhibition of myeloid and erythroid colonies from normal human CD34(+) progenitors in response to dexamethasone, whereas Sant7 neither inhibited colony growth nor potentiated the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone. Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of IL-6 signaling by Sant7 significantly potentiates the therapeutic action of dexamethasone against multiple myeloma cells, providing the preclinical rationale for clinical trials of Sant7 in combination with dexamethasone to improve patient outcome in multiple myeloma.     

NMR studies of the inclusion complex between β-cyclodextrin and paroxetine

A ¹H and ¹³C NMR study on the inclusion complex of paroxetine with β-cyclodextrin was carried out in order to define the stoichiometry of the association and its strength. Proton and carbon chemical shift measurements of paroxetine and β-cyclodextrin were performed at several molar ratios and temperatures, allowing the determination of a 1:1 stoichiometry and an association constant value of the order of 2 × 10³ for the paroxetine–β-cyclodextrin complex. Overhauser effects in the rotating frame were also measured, and the experimental interproton distance constraints have been used for molecular model building of the complex. The obtained model indicates that the benzodioxolyl moiety of paroxetine is deeply inserted in the cavity of the cylindrical structure of β-cyclodextrin, while the fluoro-phenyl ring lays above the wider rim.     

Influence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 on the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of the genetic polymorphism of two enzymes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), on the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-P) in workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and in unexposed workers (controls). The study group consisted of 30 controls recruited among employees of a service company and 171 PAHs-exposed workers from two electric steel plants and an iron foundry (all males, ranging between 18 and 60 years of age). Determination of airborne PAHs and urinary 1-OH-P was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric detection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to determine the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 (CYP1A1*2A and CYP1A1*2B) and GSTM1. No influence of the genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 on the urinary levels of 1-OH-P was observed in this study.     

Antioxidant properties of ursodeoxycholic acid

We have investigated potential antioxidant properties of the clinically relevant bile acid UDCA, which reaches therapeutic concentrations up to 0.09 and 29 mM, respectively, in human plasma and bile. UDCA was an excellent scavenger of OHz.rad; generated by FeCl(3)-EDTA, H(2)O(2) and ascorbate in the deoxyribose oxidation test, showing IC(min) and IC(50) values of 0.02 and 0.2 mM, respectively, and a second-order rate constant for reaction with OHz.rad; of 2+/-0.1 x 10(10)M(-1)s(-1). Notably, the drug could enhance at 1.5 mM concentration the antioxidant capacity of human bile against OHz.rad;-induced deoxyribose oxidation. UDCA also showed antioxidant effects in the deoxyribose test performed with nonchelated iron ions, such as Fe(2+) plus H(2)O(2) (IC(min): 7 mM, IC(50): 20 mM) or Fe(3+) plus H(2)O(2) and ascorbate (IC(min): 0.3 mM, IC(50): 5 mM), and inhibited ferrozine-Fe(2+) and desferrioxamine-Fe(3+) complexes formation with IC(50) values of, respectively, 12 and 0.3 mM, indicating that the drug interacts more with iron(III) than with iron(II). Moreover, UDCA significantly inhibited phospholipid liposome peroxidation induced by the OHz.rad;-generating system FeCl(3)-EDTA, H(2)O(2) and ascorbate (IC(min): 0.75 mM, IC(50): 3 mM), and by peroxyl radicals generated in the aqueous phase by AAPH (IC(min): 8 mM, IC(50): 14 mM). UDCA, even at 25 mM concentration, was ineffective on the lipoperoxidation mediated by Fe(2+) alone, but at the same concentration counteracted significantly that by Fe(3+) plus ascorbate, further pointing to its preferential antioxidant interaction with iron(III).In conclusion, UDCA has direct antioxidant properties, which are especially relevant against Fe(3+)- and OHz.rad;-dependent biomolecular oxidative damage; such properties are evident at therapeutically relevant drug concentrations, suggesting that UDCA could act as an antioxidant in vivo.     

Reactive vaccination as control strategy for an outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis C:P1.5-1,10-8:F3-6:ST-11(cc11), Bergamo province,Italy, December 2019 to January 2020

In Italy, serogroup C meningococci of the clonal complex cc11 (MenC/cc11) have caused several outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) during the past 20 years. Between December 2019 and January 2020, an outbreak of six cases of IMD infected with MenC/cc11 was identified in a limited area in the northern part of Italy. All cases presented a severe clinical picture, and two of them were fatal. This report is focused on the microbiological and molecular analysis of meningococcal isolates with the aim to reconstruct the chain of transmission. It further presents the vaccination strategy adopted to control the outbreak. The phylogenetic evaluation demonstrated the close genetic proximity between the strain involved in this outbreak and a strain responsible for a larger epidemic that had occurred in 2015 and 2016 in the Tuscany Region. The rapid identification and characterisation of IMD cases and an extensive vaccination campaign contributed to the successful control of this outbreak caused by a hyperinvasive meningococcal strain.     

Selective targeted delivery of TNFalpha to tumor blood vessels

We sought to enhance the selective toxicity of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) to permit its systemic use in cancer therapy. Because ligand-targeted therapeutics have proven successful in improving the selective toxicity of drugs, we prepared a fusion protein (L19mTNFalpha) composed of mouse TNFalpha and a high-affinity antibody fragment (L19 scFv) to the extradomain B (ED-B) domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis. L19mTNFalpha was expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and characterized. L19mTNFalpha was an immunoreactive and biologically active homotrimer. Radiolabeled L19mTNFalpha selectively targeted tumor neovasculature in tumor-bearing mice, where it accumulated selectively and persistently (tumor-to-blood ratio of the percentage of injected dose per gram [%ID/g] of 700, 48 hours from injection). L19mTNFalpha showed a greater anticancer therapeutic activity than both mTNFalpha and TN11mTNFalpha, a control fusion protein in which an antibody fragment, irrelevant in the tumor model used, substituted for L19. This activity was further dramatically enhanced by its combination with melphalan or the recently reported fusion protein L19-IL2. In conclusion, L19mTNFalpha allows concentrating therapeutically active doses of TNFalpha at the tumor level, thus opening new possibilities for the systemic use of TNFalpha in cancer therapy.     

Association between underweight and overweight/obesity with oral health among independently living Brazilian elderly

ObjectivePoor oral status, represented by partial/complete tooth loss, may lead to changes in food choice, which may ultimately lead to underweight, overweight, or obesity. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether poor oral status is associated with underweight or overweight/obesity, regardless of physical activity.MethodsThis cross-sectional study is part of a major project, The Frailty in Brazilian Elderly Study, carried out in Campinas, Brazil (2008–2009). The sample was composed of 900 independent-living older adults. Complete data were available for 875 individuals including sociodemographic, self-reported amount of medications used and eating difficulty questionnaire, smoking habit, depressive symptoms, physical activity, oral examination, and anthropometric assessments according to the WHO criteria. Body mass index was used as an outcome. Multinomial logistic regression was adjusted for confounding variables.ResultsThe mean age of the sample was 72.7 y (±5.81) and the prevalence of edentulism was 47.7%. Edentate individuals not wearing dentures were more likely to be underweight [odds ratio (OR) = 3.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–13.64] and overweight/obese (OR = 2.88, 95%CI 1.12–7.40). Males (OR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.36–0.85) and those not using medications (OR = 0.41 95%CI 0.24–0.70) were less likely to be overweight/obese. Individuals who smoke (OR = 2.62, 95%CI 1.26–5.44) were more likely to be underweight. Older individuals with family income between 3.1 and 5 minimum wage (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.00–2.87) were more likely to be overweight/obese.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is one of the first studies associating poor oral health, represented by edentulism not rehabilitated with dentures, with unfavorable body mass, regardless of the two major confounders, physical activity and depression symptoms.