The kidneys in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Long-term study of 21 PNH patients revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of functional and anatomic renal abnormalities. Most patients demonstrated varying degrees of hematuria and proteinuria distinct from hemoglobinuria. Evaluation of renal function revealed hyposthenuria, abnormal tubular function, and declining creatinine clearance. Radiologically these patients had enlarged kidneys, cortical infarcts, cortical thinning, and papillary necrosis which were confirmed by autopsy studies. Hypertension developed in eight patients. Urinary tract infection was uncommon. The renal findings bear striking similarity to those of sickle cell anemia. Contrary to the usual opinion, out studies clearly showed evidence of widespread renal pathology in PNH most likely due to repeated microvascular thrombosis similar to the venous thrombosis involving other organs in this disorder.     

脊髓延髓肌萎缩症临床及电生理特点分析

目的分析5例脊髓延髓肌萎缩症患者的临床特征,以便临床医生对该病的认识。方法收集基因确诊的5例脊髓延髓肌萎缩症患者的临床资料,分析其临床特点及血清性激素、各生化指标水平、脑脊液及肌电图特点。结果脊髓延髓肌萎缩症患者青年发病,病情进展缓慢。神经系统表现为以肢体近端和延髓部受累为主的瘫痪。舌肌受累较早,运动功能损害较轻。血清睾酮(969.3±234.9ng/dl)、雌二醇(57.1±5.3pg/ml)水平增高,男性乳腺发育出现在病史较长的患者。三核苷酸(CAG)重复序列数目43～51(平均47.2±3.6pg/ml)。患者的肌酸激酶(CK,481.8±264.8 IU/L)均增高,脑脊液检查均正常。肌电图为广泛神经源性损害。结论脊髓延髓肌萎缩症患者的早期症状不典型,易误诊,临床特征为青年起病,缓慢加重,以肢体近端无力为主的瘫痪。     

Multiple cerebral metastases: detectability with Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging

Sixteen patients with suspected cerebral metastases were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before and after the intravenous administration of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. The images were interpreted blindly by two neuroradiologists; all clinical, radiologic (computed tomographic and MR imaging), and pathologic data were reviewed to arrive at a final "best diagnosis," which was then compared with the prior blinded interpretations. Of seven patients found to have multiple metastases, six (86%) had at least one tumor nodule depicted by postinfusion MR imaging that was missed by one or both observers on review of preinfusion images alone. Lesions missed on preinfusion studies were usually small nodules hidden by or not detected next to regions of high-signal edema thought to be related to the adjacent tumor nodule. The authors believe that contrast enhancement improves detection of metastatic foci with MR imaging and that the findings indicate broader implications for the detection of multiple lesions from other causes.     

MR氢质子波谱成像在神经上皮组织肿瘤分级中的应用

目的研究MR氢质子波谱（^1H-MRS）成像在神经上皮组织肿瘤分级中的价值。方法52例颅内神经上皮组织肿瘤患者，低级别29例，高级别23例，均行MRI及^1H-MRS检查。结果52例中，Ⅱ级9例，Ⅲ级11例，Ⅳ级12例，将Ⅱ级列为低级别组，Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级为高级别组，脂质（Lip）[乳酸（Lac）]／肌酸（Cr）、Lip（Lac）／N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）、Lip（Lac）／胆碱化合物（Cho），Lip（Lac）在组间差异有统计学意义，低级别组各代谢物比值中位数分别为0．14、0．16、0．09、0．32，高级别组各代谢物中位数分别为1．64、1．24、0．87、1．68。Lip（Lac）／Cr≤0．425为低级别肿瘤，Lip（1ac）／Cr＞0．425为高级别肿瘤，诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性予测值、阴性预测值分别为87．0％、96．6％、95.2％、90．3％。常规MR图像诊断肿瘤级别敏感度、特异度、阳性予测值、阴性预测值分别为87．0％、82．8％、80．0％、88．9％。结论^1H-MRS在神经上皮组织肿瘤分级中有一定的价值，常规MR图像结合MRS可明显提高诊断准确率。     

急性非淋巴细胞性白血病细胞共刺激分子的表达

目的：检测急性非淋巴细胞白血病患者白血病细胞表面MHC—Ⅱ类分子和共刺激分子的表达情况。方法：采集骨髓中白血病细胞大于70％的27例初诊或复发息者骨髓细胞。荧光抗体标记。应用流式细胞仪进行HLA—DR、CD80(B7-1)和CI)和(B7—2)免疫标记检测。结果：27例病人除M3型表达明显低于其他各型外。HLA—DR抗原的表达均较高。其中M2型最高为90％；CD80阳性率很低，最高为M1型只有5％。其余均在l％～3％之间。CD86的表达高于CD80，最高为M5型为48％，最低为M6型为11％。结论：白血病细胞表面共刺激分子表达以CD80缺乏为主。     

Abnormal pregnancy: early diagnosis by US and serum chorionic gonadotropin levels

Simultaneous sonography and quantitative serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels from 126 women with threatened abortion were compared. Of 56 women with normal outcome, 39 (70%) had a gestation sac greater than or equal to 5 mm in mean sac diameter, and in each case the HCG level was 1,800 milli-international units (mIU/ml) or greater. The serum HCG levels strongly correlated with the gestation sac sizes to a mean sac diameter of 25 mm. Of 70 abnormal pregnancies, 31 demonstrated a gestation sac. Of these, 20 women (65%) had disproportionately low HCG levels relative to sac size, including 12 in whom the HCG level was less than 1,800 mIU/ml. One woman with an early molar pregnancy had a disproportionately elevated HCG level. Correlation of sonograms with a simultaneous measurement of serum HCG level is a useful method for evaluating threatened spontaneous abortion. A disproportionately low HCG level relative to gestation sac size is evidence for an abnormal pregnancy.     

Acquired immune hemolytic anemia associated with IgA erythrocyte coating: investigation of hemolytic mechanisms

We have investigated the hemolytic mechanisms in a patient with acquired immune hemolytic anemia whose red cells appeared to be coated with IgA alone. The clinical course was similar to that of patients with hemolytic anemia mediated by warm-reacting IgG antibody. Splenic sequestration of red cells was demonstrated, and marked reduction of hemolysis occurred after corticosteroid therapy. Antibody was eluted from the patient's red cells and used to sensitize normal red cells in vitro. These sensitized red cells were not lysed by fresh autologous serum, nor did they fix detectable amounts of C3. However, red cells sensitized by eluted antibody were lysed by normal human peripheral blood monocytes in a system designed to demonstrate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Monocyte-mediated hemolysis of sensitized red cells was inhibited by the addition of low concentrations of normal serum IgA to the system, but not by IgG. The ability of the eluate to induce monocyte-mediated hemolysis was abolished by its adsorption on Sepharose-bound anti-IgA, but not by preincubation with Sepharose-bound anti-IgG. In addition, normal human monocytes were demonstrated to ingest eluate-sensitized red cells. These data demonstrate an in vitro interaction of IgA-sensitized red cells with leukocytes and suggest a possible mechanism for the patient's hemolysis.     

经皮肤活体组织检查确诊的Lafora病五例

目的 探讨Lafora病的临床、病理特点及诊断方法.方法 总结分析5例经腋窝皮肤活体组织检查确诊的Lafora病患者的临床和组织病理学特点.5例患者都进行了腋窝皮肤活体组织检查,常规行HE、糖原(PAS)和阿辛蓝-糖原(AB-PAS)染色.结果 5例患者中4例青少年发病,1例成年起病.所有患者均表现为进行性加重的强直阵挛发作、肌阵挛和智能损害,可早期出现性格改变,构音障碍和行走不稳.腋窝皮肤活体组织检查发现Lafora包涵体存在于大、小汗腺的肌上皮细胞和导管细胞内.结论 经皮肤活体组织检查发现PAS阳性圆形或卵圆形包涵体,结合Lafora病典型的临床表现可以确诊该病;皮肤活体组织检查的部位可选择腋窝或腋窝以外的部位.