经钛铝金属间化合物多孔材料分离后大黄虫丸对大鼠动脉血栓形成的影响

目的:采用不同孔径钛铝金属间化合物多孔材料(TAICPM)分离大黄虫丸,探讨经不同孔径TAICPM处理后的大黄虫丸抗动脉血栓形成的作用及机制。方法:选择70只SD雄性大鼠随机分为7组,其中正常组、模型组、对照组各10只,TAICPM组40只:1-5μm组、5-10μm组、10-15μm组、15-20μm组,每组各10只。血栓干重、血小板计数、血栓素B2(TXB-2)和6酮前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)作为观察指标,评价经TAICPM分离后大黄虫丸抗动脉血栓形成的效果。结果:①对照组及TAICPM组血栓干重、血小板计数明显少于模型组(P<0.05),TXB-2和6-keto-PGF1α也较模型组有显著性差异(P<0.05);②TAICPM组血小板计数明显低于对照组(P<0.01),TXB-2和6-keto-PGF1α也较对照组有统计学差异(P<0.01);③1-5μm多孔材料组血栓干重明显低于其它3个多孔材料组(P<0.01),血小板计数、TXB-2和6-keto-PGF1α也较其它3组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:经TAICPM处理后的大黄虫丸在抑制动脉血栓形成方面优于未处理的大黄虫丸,其中孔径为1-5μm的多孔材料效果更优。     

精制大黄(廑)虫丸对动脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨精制大黄(廑)虫丸抗动脉血栓形成作用及机制,观察钛铝金属间化合物多孔材料对药物作用的影响.方法 50只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、大黄(廑)虫丸组、精制方组、多孔材料组,每组各10只.除正常组外,其余大鼠通过三氯化铁诱导动脉血栓形成模型,大黄(廑)虫丸组给予大黄(廑)虫丸,精制方组大鼠给予精制大黄(廑)虫丸,多孔材料组大鼠给予通过钛铝金属间化合物多孔材料处理的精制大黄(廑)虫丸方药,各给药组根据体重按1ml/100g灌胃,每天2次,共1周;模型组、正常组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃.光学显微镜下观察大鼠颈动脉血管组织病理变化,记录各组大鼠血栓干重,检测血小板计数、血液流变学、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)及血栓素B2(TXB2)和6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-Keto-PGF1α)的水平.结果 与模型组比较,大黄(廑)虫丸组、精制方组和多孔材料组血栓干重减轻(P＜0.05);多孔材料组较精制方组和大黄(廑)虫丸组血栓干重降低明显(P＜0.05).与正常组相比,模型组血小板计数、TXB2水平明显增加,6-keto-PGF1α降低(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,大黄(廑)虫丸组、精制方组和多孔材料组均可以明显降低血小板计数和TXB2水平,升高6-keto-PGF1α(P＜0.05);多孔材料组较精制方组和大黄(廑)虫丸组降低血小板计数和TXB2水平明显(P＜0.05).与正常组比较,模型组血液黏度增高、APTT和PTT缩短(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,大黄(廑)虫丸组、精制方组和多孔材料组血液黏度降低,APTT和PTT均明显延长(P＜0.05).结论 精制大黄(廑)虫丸能明显抑制大鼠动脉血栓形成,能改善血液流变性,明显延长APTT和PTT,其机制可能与升高6-keto-PGF1α的水平、降低TXB2的水平有关.钛铝金属间化合物多孔材料可应用于中药的分离筛选以提高疗效.     

The intergenerational sources of the U-turn in gender segregation

In the early 1970s, the balkanization of the US labor market into “men’s occupations” and “women’s occupations” began to unravel, as women entered the professions and other male-typed sectors in record numbers. This decline in gender segregation continued on for several decades but then suddenly stalled at the turn of the century and shows no signs of resuming. Although the stall is itself undisputed, its sources remain unclear. Using nearly a half-century of data from the General Social Survey, we show that a resurgence in segregation-inducing forms of intergenerational transmission stands behind the recent stall. Far from serving as impartial conduits, fathers are now disproportionately conveying male-typed occupations to their sons, whereas mothers are effectively gender-neutral in their transmission outcomes. This segregative turn among fathers accounts for 47% of the stall in the gender segregation trend (between 2000 and 2018), while the earlier integrative turn among fathers accounts for 34% of the initial downturn in segregation (between 1972 and 1999). It follows that a U-turn in intergenerational processes lies behind the U-turn in gender segregation.

In all late-industrial countries, women and men continue to occupy very different types of jobs, with women concentrated in service and nurturing occupations (e.g., sales clerk and nurse) and men concentrated in manual and analytic occupations (e.g., laborer and computer scientists). The standard sociological account of such segregation treats it as a premodern relic that should gradually disappear as educational opportunities are equalized, egalitarian gender attitudes diffuse, overt and covert forms of employer discrimination are rooted out, and family-friendly workplaces and related labor market reforms are instituted (1, 2). Between 1970 and 1990, these types of institutional reforms indeed seemed to be bearing fruit, with most late-industrial countries experiencing sharp declines in segregation (3).This egalitarian turn proved to be short-lived. By the end of the 20th century, the decline in gender segregation had stalled in many late-industrial countries, including the United States (4–7). In Fig. 1, we present the US trend using the General Social Survey (GSS), the main data source for our analyses (8). The trend lines in Fig. 1 reveal that the downturn stalled well before integration was achieved (and Fig. 1B additionally suggests a resegregative uptick off this already high baseline). To completely eliminate segregation, ∼60% of US workers would have to shift to a different occupation, a stark result given the stated commitment to gender equality and equal opportunity in the United States. This hypersegregation translates into profound gender gaps in pay, authority, working conditions, and much more (9–12). Because occupational segregation generates such a wide range of unequal outcomes, it has become a conventional policy target among those who seek to reduce gender inequality.Open in a separate windowFig. 1.The U-turn in occupational gender segregation shown by (A) the index of dissimilarity and (B) a margin-free measure of the gender-by-occupation association. Analysis is based on the 1972 to 2018 GSS using women and men in the labor force, ages 25 to 64 (inclusive), with nonmissing data on age, gender, and occupation. n = 44,640. Occupations are coded with 1970 Census Occupational Classification (see SI Appendix, Appendixes B and D, for details). Trend is smoothed with locally smoothed regression (LOESS) with the span set at 0.75. For the definition of D and A, see Materials and Methods.The long line of research on the sources of the stall proceeds in part from this widely shared (albeit not universal) commitment to reduce gender inequality. Although far from conclusive or exhaustive, the available research suggests that 1) the persisting double burden of domestic work erodes the willingness or capacity of women to hold jobs that entail long hours or overwork (12–14); 2) the persistence of norms against women outearning their partners (in marriages between women and men) leads to settling and underachievement (15); 3) the persistence of essentialist beliefs about the types of occupations that women and men are qualified to undertake locks in a conventional division of labor (1, 16, 17); and 4) the continuing tendency of employers to discriminate against mothers (18) and those who participate intermittently in the labor force (19, 20) makes it difficult for women to break into male-typed occupations.^* Across these assorted supply-side and demand-side accounts, a common theme is that the easy desegregative gains have been creamed off, that a new equilibrium or natural rate (22) has been reached, and that puncturing this equilibrium may require different or more aggressive countermeasures.This interpretation rests on a distinction between 1) overt and easy-to-attack inequalities and 2) covert and difficult-to-attack inequalities. It is often argued, for example, that overt forms of hiring discrimination against women can be reduced through antidiscrimination law and open hiring practices, whereas subtler or covert forms are not as easy to address, at least with legal remedies. Likewise, the extreme essentialist view that women are utterly lacking in rational faculties was an early casualty of the gender revolution, whereas it has proven more difficult to root out a subtler form of essentialism that presumes that men are more likely than women to be “brilliant” or “geniuses” (23). By this logic, the gender revolution will only be reenergized by developing new interventions that are fine-tuned for the subtler, albeit still very consequential, mechanisms that lie behind gender inequality.This conclusion may well be warranted. It would, however, be premature to adopt this interpretation without a fuller understanding of the institutional sources of the stalling out. It is striking in this regard that none of the foregoing accounts directly features the role of intergenerational processes. To be sure, conventional accounts routinely invoke the segregative effects of gender-biased training, norms, and culture, but the social processes through which gender-biased training is delivered or gender-biased norms and culture are instilled are left unclear and thus may or may not have intergenerational sources. This is an unfortunate omission because it undermines our capacity to remediate well. As it stands, most currently popular interventions do not target intergenerational processes (24), an understandable state of affairs given that relatively little is now known about their role in the stalling out.There is, then, a worrying omission in our research on the gender U-turn. Although this omission might seem surprising, it has to be remembered that the contemporary family is often seen as a prime carrier of new forms of gender egalitarianism and accordingly an unlikely source of the stalling out. The new gender-egalitarian family features mothers who are increasingly likely to work, to commit to bona fide careers, and to espouse liberal attitudes (25). In this conventional characterization of familial change, it is notable that mothers are represented as a main force for change, whereas fathers remain in the background largely carrying on. This raises the possibility that fathers may not always be unfettered agents of egalitarian change and may, to the contrary, be implicated in the stalling out. The purpose of our paper is to explore this segregative-father hypothesis by melding models of segregation and intergenerational transmission.The results will show that the U-turn in the segregation trend is indeed linked to a U-turn in intergenerational processes. As we will discuss, a variety of mechanisms may lie behind the rise of segregative reproduction, yet most of them involve familial processes in some fashion. It follows that insofar as desegregation is a policy objective, it may be strategic to build interventions that address contemporary family processes.The two streams of mobility research upon which our analysis will capitalize are those examining 1) the net effects of mothers and fathers on outcomes and 2) the effects of intragenerational mobility on segregation. The first of these two streams is of course especially relevant when examining the intergenerational sources of segregation (26, 27). In recent decades, there has been a backlash against treating the father’s or “family head’s” occupation as a satisfactory measure of class origins (28), a long-overdue development given that a rising share of children are now growing up in more complicated families with many potential role models (29, 30). This newer line of multiple-parent mobility research has, however, focused mainly on examining the relative size of the effects of mothers and fathers, a type of “horse race” analysis that comes naturally when one seeks to rectify decades of scholarship that ignored mothers altogether. As important and influential as this research is, it cannot directly answer the research question that we are taking on, given that the implications of this horse race for occupational segregation depend on the extent to which class and gender-typing reproduction come together. To understand how intergenerational transmission contributes to gender segregation, we need to know 1) whether mothers are passing on female-typed occupations disproportionately to daughters and 2) whether fathers are passing on male-typed occupations disproportionately to sons. Although the intergenerational transmission of gender-typed aspirations is well understood (31, 32), our research takes the next step of building gendered mobility models that uncover whether actual reproductive practices are affected by the gender of the parent, the gender typing of the occupation, and the gender of the offspring (33).The second stream of mobility research relevant to our analysis examines the effects of intragenerational mobility on gender segregation (34). This line of research, which has a long history (35), examines how women and men move in and out of the labor force over their career, how women and men move in and out of gender-typed occupations over their career, and how such mobility has gendered sources (e.g., sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and the “second shift”). Within this literature, many scholars (36) have examined whether the gender of managers affects hiring and promotion decisions (and hence downstream segregation), a line of questioning that is formally similar to our own interest in whether the gender of the parent affects occupational outcomes. Because parents are engaged in ongoing socialization, aspiration development, human capital investment, and network provisioning, their effects on segregation may well be more consequential than the pinpoint hiring and firing decisions of managers. This is the core rationale for building intergenerational processes into a segregation trend analysis.     

Impact of Ocular Residual Astigmatism on Visual Outcomes of Myopic Astigmatism Correction after Small Incision Lenticule Extraction

Objective: To calculate ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) by vector analysis and to evaluate the impact of ocular residual astigmatism on refractive and visual outcomes after correction of myopic astigmatism by small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Methods: In this prospective case-series study, 115 eyes with myopic astigmatism were treated with SMILE from Jauary 2019 to August 2019 atRefractive Center of Ophthalmology Department, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University. ORA was calculated by vector analysis and patients were divided into two groups according to the magnitude of ORA: high ORA group (ORA≥1.00 D) with 42 eyes and low ORA group (ORA<1.00 D) with 73 eyes. The follow-up period was 3 months after the operation. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and pythagorean length were measured and compared after the operation. The following measurements were compared: refractive outcomes, total higher order aberrations (tHOAs), vertical trefoil, vertical coma, horizontal coma, oblique trefoil, oblique quadrafoil, oblique secondary astigmatism, spherical aberration, vertical secondary astigmatism, and vertical quadrafoil. Contrast sensitivity was compared between the high and low ORA groups under either 85 cd/m2 or 3 cd/m2 illumination from 1.5 c/d to 18 c/d. The data were analyzed by an independent-samples t test and Mann-Whitney U test to compare the differences between the two groups. Results: Three months postoperatively, refractive outcomes showed that postoperative residual astigmatism in the high ORA group was significantly higher than in the low ORA group (t=3.293, P=0.001). Vector analysis showed that the error vector (EV), absolute error of angle (absolute EA) and index of success (SI) were higher in the high ORA group (t=-3.235, P=0.001; t=-2.326, P=0.020; t=-2.587, P=0.010). After SMILE，all cases had achieved a desirable visual acuity: high ORA group: -0.15±0.05, low ORA group: -0.15±0.05. There were no statistically significant differences in visual acuity, pythagorean length, tHOAs, vertical trefoil, vertical coma, horizontal coma, oblique trefoil, oblique quadrafoil, oblique secondary astigmatism, spherical aberration, vertical secondary astigmatism, or vertical quadrafoil between the two groups. An obvious difference was found in contrast sensitivity, which showed a higher contrast sensitivity at a spatial frequency of 18 c/d with 85 cd/m2 in the low ORA group than in the high ORA group (t=-2.877, P=0.005), but this tendency was not present at 3 cd/m2 . Conclusions: Ocular residual astigmatism impacts the precision of SMILE in correcting myopic astigmatism. This leads to a tendency of more residual astigmatism in refractive outcomes, and reduces contrast sensitivity at high spatial frequencies. However, it does not affect the outcome of obtaining good visual quality in both visual acuity and higher order aberrations.     

细胞因子在玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术后并发性白内障患者房水中的表达

目的 比较玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术后并发性白内障患者与年龄相关性白内障患者房水中细胞因子的表达差异情况,探讨细胞因子与并发性白内障的相关性。设计 实验研究。研究对象 北京同仁医院因玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术后3个月~6年需手术治疗的并发性白内障患者（实验组）19例（19眼）及需手术治疗的年龄相关性白内障患者（对照组）11例（11眼）。方法 每例受试者白内障手术中收集房水0.1～0.2 ml,通过流式细胞仪检测房水中细胞因子IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ的表达。主要指标 上述8种细胞因子的表达量。结果 实验组中IL-6的表达量（199635.64±28156.5 fg/ml）及IL-10的表达量（273.57±206.7 fg/ml）均明显高于正常对照组 （3340.96±1970.36 fg/ml）及（117.45±64.77 fg/ml）（P均＜0.05）。其余6种细胞因子表达两组间差异则无统计学意义。结论 玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术后并发性白内障患者房水中细胞因子IL-6、IL-10含量较高,可能与并发性白内障的形成或加速有关。（眼科,2013,22：269-272）     

玻璃体液对培养人视网膜微血管内皮细胞和色素上皮细胞增生的影响

目的 探讨玻璃体液对培养的人视网膜微血管内皮细胞(human retinal capillary endothelialcells,HRCECs)和色素上皮(retinal pigmental epithelial cells,RPE)细胞增生的影响.方法 原代培养HRCECs和RPE细胞,鉴定并传至第3代,再分别培养在1:8、1:4、1:2(玻璃体液在总培养液中的体积比)的人玻璃体条件培养液(vitreous-conditioned medium,VCM)中,其中VCM分为有无血清2组,在不同作用时间(24～72h),采用四唑盐(tetrazolium,MTT)比色法检测VCM对人HRCECs和RPE细胞增生的影响.结果 在有血清时.与对照组比较,1:4、1:2的VCM在培养的各时间段对HRCECs的抑增生作用差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),而对RPE细胞和混合细胞(HRCECs和RPE混合1:1)的促增生作用差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).在无血清时与对照组比较,1:4VCM组在培养60、72h时以及1:2VCM组在培养24h,RPE细胞的增生差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而1:2VCM组在培养48、印、72h时RPE细胞的增生差异有非常统计学意义(P<0.01);1:2VCM组在培养各时间段混合细胞的增生差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),均表现为促增生效应.结论 一定体积分数的人VCM抑制HRCECs的增生,但明显促进人RPE细胞以及混合细胞的增生,提示玻璃体中RPE细胞浸润是加重外伤增生性玻璃体视网膜病变和眼内血管增生性疾病的高危因素.     

炔诺酮肟对大鼠抗着床抗早孕作用机理的形态学研究

大鼠从妊娠第一天开始每日灌服炔诺酮肟4mg/kg,共3天。结果能引起早孕大鼠黄体细胞滑面内质网减少;脂滴大量积贮;抑制卵巢3β-羟基甾体脱氢酶活性,从而使卵巢孕酮生物合成受阻。药物还能引起早孕大鼠子宫蜕膜的病理改变,蜕膜细胞出现变性,坏死,宫腔内大量出血,白细胞浸润,胚胎发育不良,蜕膜细胞内糖原及碱性磷酸酶含量均下降。本文还讨论了药物引起卵巢孕酮生物合成受阻与蜕膜变化的关系。     

Mutagenic determination of passive smoking

The mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke has been further investigated with the plate-incorporation method and a microsuspension technique of the Ames Salmonella assay. The microsuspension test gives a higher response than the conventional plate incorporation test. It is possible to detect environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in moderately smoky indoor environments by collection of particulate matter with personal low volume samplers followed by particle extraction and mutagenicity testing with the microsuspension assay.     

MPTP-induced changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory are prevented by memantine through the BDNF-TrkB pathway

Background and Purpose

Mild cognitive deficit in early Parkinson''s disease (PD) has been widely studied. Here we have examined the effects of memantine in preventing memory deficit in experimental PD models and elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms.

Experimental Approaches

I.p. injection of 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (MPTP) in C57BL/6 mice was used to produce models of PD. We used behavioural tasks to test memory. In vitro, we used slices of hippocampus, with electrophysiological, Western blotting, real time PCR, elisa and immunochemical techniques.

Key Results

Following MPTP injection, long-term memory was impaired and these changes were prevented by pre-treatment with memantine. In hippocampal slices from MPTP treated mice, long-term potentiation (LTP) –induced by θ burst stimulation (10 bursts, 4 pulses) was decreased, while long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz, 900 pulses) was enhanced, compared with control values. A single dose of memantine (i.p., 10 mg·kg⁻¹) reversed the decreased LTP and the increased LTD in this PD model. Activity-dependent changes in tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), ERK and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression were decreased in slices from mice after MPTP treatment. These effects were reversed by pretreatment with memantine. Incubation of slices in vitro with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) decreased depolarization-induced expression of BDNF. This effect was prevented by pretreatment of slices with memantine or with calpain inhibitor III, suggesting the involvement of an overactivated calcium signalling pathway.

Conclusions and Implications

Memantine should be useful in preventing loss of memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in PD models.