白细胞三烯拮抗剂ONO－1078对豚鼠迷走神经电刺激引起气道痉挛及微血管渗漏作用

阿托品预先处理的豚鼠，电刺激迷走神经（１０Ｈｚ，５ｍｓ，２Ｖ或１０Ｖ，９０ｓ）引起气道阻力增高，气管、主支气管和肺内气道的依文思蓝渗出量增加，并随刺激强度加大而增强。白细胞三烯拮抗剂ＯＮＯ－１０７８（０．０３，０．１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，ｉｖ）对气道阻力的增高无明显影响；但显著抑制微血管渗漏，在刺激强度低（２Ｖ）时更明显。结果提示白细胞三烯类参与神经原性炎症时的气道微血管渗漏反应。     

Maternal HIV and drug use: effect on health and social morbidity

A retrospective analysis of routine child health surveillance information was performed on health visitor records of 459 children, to examine the independent effects of maternal HIV infection and drug use during pregnancy on morbidity in the first 3 years of life. No significant differences were observed in the developmental progress of children born to HIV infected or drug using women when compared to community controls. The pattern of medical consultations in the first 18 months of life was significantly different, maternal drug use exerting a negative influence on outpatient visits (odds ratio 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 1.0). At 6 weeks, the majority of children lived with their birth parent(s), and no differences were observed between the groups. By 10 months of age, only 81% of children born to HIV infected drug using women lived with their parent(s). While maternal drug use and HIV did not have adverse effects on child health and development, these findings highlight the social implications for children affected by the heterosexual spread of HIV.     

单次与两次自体造血干细胞移植治疗血液肿瘤的远期结局比较：150例资料回顾

目的:对没有与供者HLA配型相合的血液恶性肿瘤患者来说,自体造血干细胞移植不失为一种积极有效的治疗方法。评价比较单次与两次自体造血干细胞移植治疗血液肿瘤的效果。方法:①实验对象:选取1988～2001年解放军总医院血液科行自体造血干细胞移植的150例患者,对本实验均知情同意。其中两次自体移植25例(两次骨髓移植3例、两次外周血造血干细胞移植1例、1次骨髓移植 1次外周血造血干细胞移植21例),单次自体移植125例(骨髓移植44例、外周血造血干细胞移植81例);急性非淋巴细胞白血病75例,急性淋巴细胞白血病43例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤22例,霍奇金淋巴瘤10例。②实验方法:应用化疗使白血病患者在移植前达到完全缓解,淋巴瘤患者要求移植前至少骨髓中没有肿瘤累及。动员化疗方案原则上采用对相应肿瘤有效的联合化疗方案,并适当增加剂量。骨髓移植及外周血造血干细胞移植患者回输单核细胞中位数分别为2.68×108/kg,4.20×108/kg。115例患者采用环磷酰胺/全身放疗方案,35例患者采用不含全身放疗的高剂量化疗方案。③实验评估:自体造血干细胞移植5年后血液肿瘤患者的无病存活率。结果:①急性非淋巴细胞白血病:69例患者单次移植,5年无病存活率58.0%(40例),复发率29.0%(20例),移植相关死亡率13.0%(9例)。6例患者两次移植,其中1例M5患者复发死亡,5例无病存活。②急性淋巴细胞白血病:29例患者单次移植,5年无病存活率34.5%(10例),复发率34.5%(10例),移植相关死亡率31.0%(9例)。14例患者两次移植,5年无病存活率42.9%。③非霍奇金淋巴瘤:18例患者单次移植,5年无病存活率61.1%(11例),复发率16.7%(3例),移植相关死亡率22.2%(4例)。4例患者两次移植,其中1例CR1期患者在首次移植后21个月复发,化疗获得PR后行第2次自体造血干细胞移植,17个月后复发死亡;其余3例均无病存活。④霍奇金淋巴瘤:9例患者单次移植,5年无病存活率100%。1例患者行两次移植,首次移植前13个化疗疗程未缓解,行自体外周血造血干细胞移植后达到部分缓解,9个月后行自体骨髓移植后完全缓解,无病存活。结论:①自体造血干细胞移植是治疗血液肿瘤安全有效的方法。②自体造血干细胞两次移植5年无病存活率明显优于单次移植效果,可改善血液肿瘤患者预后。     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病43例:远期疗效分析

目的：异基因造血干细胞移植治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的疗效已不容置疑，在不具备异基因造血干细胞移植条件下，评价自体造血干细胞移植治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的疗效。 方法：选取1989—05／2000—07解放军总医院血液科43例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者，所有患者均同意行自体造血干细胞移植。中位年龄24．5（11～48）岁。单次移植29例，其中移植前首次完全缓解期23例，二次缓解期5例，未缓解期1例。双次移植14例，其中首次移植和第二次移植前为二次缓解期各1例，其余移植前均为首次完全缓解期。预处理方案：包括含全身放疗（26例）、全淋巴放疗（14例）与不含全身放疗的高剂量化疗方案（3例）。移植后治疗：化疗长春新碱＋泼尼松／6-巯基嘌呤＋甲氨蝶呤方案和白细胞介素2免疫维持治疗。 结果：单次自体造血干细胞移植29例5年无病存活10例，其中移植前首次完全缓解期9例，二次缓解期1例。5年无病存活率34．5％。双次移植14例5年无病存活6例，5年无病存活率为42．9％。两次移植前均为首次完全缓解期。 结论：在不具备异基因造血干细胞移植条件下，可采用自体造血干细胞移植治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病，双次自体造血干细胞移植疗效较好。     

Adverse events following first and second dose COVID-19 vaccination in England,October 2020 to September 2021: a national vaccine surveillance platform self-controlled case series study

BackgroundPost-authorisation vaccine safety surveillance is well established for reporting common adverse events of interest (AEIs) following influenza vaccines, but not for COVID-19 vaccines.AimTo estimate the incidence of AEIs presenting to primary care following COVID-19 vaccination in England, and report safety profile differences between vaccine brands.MethodsWe used a self-controlled case series design to estimate relative incidence (RI) of AEIs reported to the national sentinel network, the Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners Clinical Informatics Digital Hub. We compared AEIs (overall and by clinical category) 7 days pre- and post-vaccination to background levels between 1 October 2020 and 12 September 2021.ResultsWithin 7,952,861 records, 781,200 individuals (9.82%) presented to general practice with 1,482,273 AEIs, 4.85% within 7 days post-vaccination. Overall, medically attended AEIs decreased post-vaccination against background levels. There was a 3–7% decrease in incidence within 7 days after both doses of Comirnaty (RI: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91–0.94 and RI: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98, respectively) and Vaxzevria (RI: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95–0.98). A 20% increase was observed after one dose of Spikevax (RI: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.00–1.44). Fewer AEIs were reported as age increased. Types of AEIs, e.g. increased neurological and psychiatric conditions, varied between brands following two doses of Comirnaty (RI: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.28–1.56) and Vaxzevria (RI: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.97–1.78).ConclusionCOVID-19 vaccines are associated with a small decrease in medically attended AEI incidence. Sentinel networks could routinely report common AEI rates, contributing to reporting vaccine safety.     

Sabin and wild type polioviruses from children who presented with acute flaccid paralysis in Nigeria

Background

Sensitive poliovirus surveillance to detect vaccine-derived-polioviruses will continue to increase in importance.

Objective

Isolating and identifying poliovirus strains from children of pediatrics age in Nigeria.

Methods

A total of 120 fecal samples were randomly collected from children under the age of five who presented with acute flaccid paralysis. Samples were tested by tissue culture technique and further characterized by intratypic differentiation testing using ELISA and PCR methods.

Results

The study confirmed the presence of 22(18.3%) enteroviral isolates comprising 19(86.4%) polioviruses and 3(13.6%) non-polio enteroviruses. These 19 polioviruses include: Sabin-type poliovirus-1 (15.8%), poliovirus-2 (10.5%), poliovirus-3 (10.5%) and wild-type poliovirus-1 (63.2%) isolates. It showed that poliovirus infection was higher in children ages 6–11 months (18.9%), females (18.4%), northern states (91.0%) with no vaccination record (75.0%). Wild-type poliovirus-1 was isolated from the stool samples of 12(54.6%) children from northern states and in all age groups except 18–23 months. No significant differences (P >0.05) between poliovirus infection and age (18.9% vs. 17.7%; 81.9% vs. 18.2%) and sex (18.3% vs. 18.4%). There was significant differences (P<0.05) between poliovirus infection and location (91.0% vs. 9.0%) and history of polio vaccination (75.0% vs. 0.0%). No wild-type poliovirus was found in those with complete vaccination.

Conclusion

This study further confirms the presence of Sabin and wild-type poliovirus among children in Nigeria. The isolation of Sabin strain of poliovirus is advantageous to the polio eradication program as it is capable of inducing natural immunity in susceptible hosts. Transmission of wild-type poliovirus among children with incomplete vaccination poses a serious threat to polio eradication program in Nigeria. Environmental and serological surveillance with larger sample size are important for monitoring poliovirus circulation in Nigeria.