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Background: Invasive pneumococcal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite availability of an effective vaccine, many patients refuse vaccination.
Objective: To investigate patient characteristics and features of the patient–provider relationship associated with pneumococcal vaccine refusal.
Design: Case–control study using chart review.
Patients: Five hundred adults from the medical clinics of a 1,000-bed inner-city teaching hospital.
Measurements and Main Results: Independent risk factors for pneumococcal vaccine refusal included patient–provider gender discordance (odds ratio (OR)=2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 4.09); a visit to a not-usual provider at the time of vaccine offering (OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.49); never having received influenza vaccination (OR=7.44, 95% CI 3.76 to 14.76); prior pneumococcal vaccine refusals (OR=3.45, 95% CI 1.60 to 7.43); and a history of ever having refused health maintenance tests (OR=2.86, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.84).
Conclusions: We have identified both patient factors and factors related to the patient–provider relationship that are risk factors for pneumococcal vaccine refusal. By identifying patients at risk for pneumococcal vaccine refusal, efforts to increase vaccination rates can be better targeted. 相似文献
Objective: To investigate patient characteristics and features of the patient–provider relationship associated with pneumococcal vaccine refusal.
Design: Case–control study using chart review.
Patients: Five hundred adults from the medical clinics of a 1,000-bed inner-city teaching hospital.
Measurements and Main Results: Independent risk factors for pneumococcal vaccine refusal included patient–provider gender discordance (odds ratio (OR)=2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 4.09); a visit to a not-usual provider at the time of vaccine offering (OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.49); never having received influenza vaccination (OR=7.44, 95% CI 3.76 to 14.76); prior pneumococcal vaccine refusals (OR=3.45, 95% CI 1.60 to 7.43); and a history of ever having refused health maintenance tests (OR=2.86, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.84).
Conclusions: We have identified both patient factors and factors related to the patient–provider relationship that are risk factors for pneumococcal vaccine refusal. By identifying patients at risk for pneumococcal vaccine refusal, efforts to increase vaccination rates can be better targeted. 相似文献
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Powell LA Warpeha KM Xu W Walker B Trimble ER 《Journal of molecular endocrinology》2004,33(3):797-803
Diabetes is associated with oxidative stress and increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress associated with increased glucose concentrations on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoter activity in intestinal epithelial cells. High-glucose (25 mmol/l) conditions reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations in the human intestinal epithelial cell line, DLD-1. Addition of the antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid, resulted in the restoration of GSH concentrations to normal. Upregulation of basal iNOS promoter activity was observed when cells were incubated in high glucose alone. This effect was significantly reduced by the addition of the antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid, and completely blocked with inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activity. Stimulation of cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma) induced iNOS promoter activity in all conditions and this was accompanied by an increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. Inhibition of NFkappaB activity decreased, but did not completely inhibit, cytokine-induced iNOS promoter activity and subsequent production of NO. In conclusion, iNOS promoter activity induced by high concentrations of glucose is mediated in part through intracellular GSH and NFkappaB. 相似文献
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Harshfield GA Wilson ME McLeod K Hanevold C Kapuku GK Mackey L Gillis D Edmonds L 《Hypertension》2003,42(6):1082-1086
The purpose of this study was to determine if there are gender differences in stress-induced pressure natriuresis and to examine the effects of adiposity on these differences. The subjects were 151 boys and 141 girls 15 to 18 years of age who underwent a 5-hour stress protocol (2-hour prestress, 1-hour stress, 2-hour poststress) after being brought into similar levels of sodium balance. The gender-by-condition interaction was significant for systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.001 for both), and the effect of condition was significant for sodium excretion (P=0.001). Systolic blood pressure was higher for boys throughout the protocol (P=0.001 for each) and correlated with body mass index at each condition (range in r=0.28 to 0.35; P<0.001 for each). Hemodynamically, in boys body mass index was correlated with cardiac output during stress (r=0.23; P=0.006), which was correlated with systolic blood pressure (r=0.21; P=0.01). With respect to natriuresis, body mass index was inversely correlated with sodium excretion during stress (r=-0.22; P=0.008) and positively correlated with angiotensin II in a subsample of boys (n=89: r=0.31; P=0.003). The inverse correlation between angiotensin II and sodium excretion during stress approached significance (r=-0.17; P<0.06). Similar results were not observed for girls. In conclusion, gender differences in stress-induced pressure natriuresis appear to be related to the influence of adiposity on both blood pressure and natriuresis. 相似文献
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Patricia C. Dykes MA PhD RN Srijesa Khasnabish BA Lesley E. Adkison MSN PhD David W. Bates Michael Bogaisky Zoe Burns MPH Diane L. Carroll MSN PhD Eileen Carter MPhil PhD Ann C. Hurley DNSc Emily Jackson MBOE Susan S. Kurian EdD Mary Ellen Lindros EdD Virginia Ryan MSN Maureen Scanlan MSN Linda Spivack MS Mary-Ann Walsh BSN Jason Adelman 《Journal of the American Geriatrics Society》2021,69(12):3595-3601
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