Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Translocation of micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract may play a role in the pathogenesis of septic complications in severely burned patients. We therefore investigated the influence of burn wound infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on translocation in experimentally burned mice. The P. aeruginosa disseminated in 15% of the animals on the second day and in 20% of the animals on the third day postburn in the Pseudomonas-seeded group. Wound colonization with P. aeruginosa, compared with a control group, led to an increased incidence of translocation of Escherichia coli from the GI tract to the spleen (p < 0.005), liver (p < 0.03), lungs (p < 0.005), and peritoneal cavity (p < 0.03) on the second day postburn but not on the third day postburn. On both the second and third days, the number of viable E. coli in the organs in the Pseudomonas-seeded group exceeded that in the organs in the control group. In this model translocation of E. coli from the GI tract played a more important role than did hematogeneous dissemination of P. aeruginosa from the burn wound.     

Alteration of wound colonization by selective intestinal decontamination in thermally injured mice

The effects of selective intestinal decontamination on the bacterial colonization of burn wounds were investigated in experimentally burned mice. Prior to scalding pathogen-free mice were pretreated with bacitracin to induce intestinal overgrowth of Enterobacteriaceae. Mice treated for 20 days postburn with oral aztreonam had significantly reduced enterobacterial wound colonization compared to untreated controls. This study indicates that burn wound colonization is altered by selective decontamination of the intestinal tract.     

Remarks on the structure-activity relationship of some antibacterial silver non-sulfanilamide compounds

In this study some physical parameters of a number of silver non-sulfanilamide compounds (acetate, 4-nitrobenzoate, nitrate, salicylate and 2-thiosalicylate) and silver sulfadiazine are related to the antibacterialin vivo activity of these compounds. The stability constant and solubility are important factors in the development of the biological activity and the mechanism of action (active as silver ion or the whole molecule).     

Guiltless guilty--trauma-related guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder in former Ugandan child soldiers

Despite international bans, more than 250,000 children and adolescents are exploited as soldiers worldwide, almost half of them in Africa. These children are exposed to a tremendous amount of violence and are often forced to commit atrocities themselves. In the present study, 330 former Ugandan child soldiers (age: 11-17, female: 48.5%) were interviewed regarding traumatic experiences, trauma-related guild, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Affective and cognitive aspects of guilt were assessed with the Trauma-related Guilt Inventory (TRGI) and PTSD with a diagnostic interview (MINI-KID). Children had been abducted at a mean age of 10.75 years and served for an average period of 19.81 months. They were exposed to numerous traumatic experiences during abduction, e. g., 86.4% were exposed to killings, 87.9% were threatened with death, 52.6% were forced to kill another person, and 25.8% were raped. Diagnostic criteria for PTSD were fulfilled by 33% of the children. Higher guilt cognitions were significantly related to posttraumatic stress disorder. The current study has implications for the development of clinical interventions for war-affected children.     

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells of melanoma patients present exogenous proteins to CD4+ T cells after Fc gamma RII-mediated uptake

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) contribute to innate antiviral immune responses by producing type I interferons. Although human pDCs can induce T cell responses upon viral infection, it remains unclear if pDCs can present exogenous antigens. Here, we show that human pDCs exploit FcgammaRII (CD32) to internalize antigen-antibody complexes, resulting in the presentation of exogenous antigen to T cells. pDCs isolated from melanoma patients vaccinated with autologous monocyte-derived peptide- and keyhold limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-loaded dendritic cells, but not from nonvaccinated patients or patients that lack a humoral response against KLH, were able to stimulate KLH-specific T cell proliferation. Interestingly, we observed that internalization of KLH by pDCs depended on the presence of serum from vaccinated patients that developed an anti-KLH antibody response. Anti-CD32 antibodies inhibited antigen uptake and presentation, demonstrating that circulating anti-KLH antibodies binding to CD32 mediate KLH internalization. We conclude that CD32 is an antigen uptake receptor on pDCs and that antigen presentation by pDCs is of particular relevance when circulating antibodies are present. Antigen presentation by pDCs may thus modulate the strength and quality of the secondary phase of an immune response.     

Der Beitrag kognitiver Schmerzverarbeitung zur Depressivität bei Rückenschmerzpatienten

Background

The concurrent occurrence of chronic pain syndromes and depressive symptoms is a commonly observed phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to illuminate the mediating role of specific cognitive pain coping strategies as a connective link between pain and depression.

Methods

A total of 122 chronic and chronic recurrent simple back pain patients were examined in view of the connection between pain, cognitive pain coping strategies, and depression.

Results

The results of the path analysis support the assumption of a mediating effect of cognitive coping strategies between pain and depression (GFI = 0.99; AGFI = 0.96). It could be shown, that cognitive coping mediates the link between pain and depression in back pain patients.

Conclusion

The results give further support for the cognitive mediation hypothesis and enhance it by pointing out the role of specific pain-related cognitive appraisals.     

Murine macrophage cell line AP284 presents antigen to cloned MT4+, Lyt-2- T cells in vitro and in vivo

A murine macrophage cell line AP284 that appeared to be mature in phenotype was isolated. After repeated cloning, the cell line expressed the markers Mac-1, Mac-2, Mac-3, 2.4G2, F4/80 as well as Ia antigens. Moreover, it was positive for the enzymes nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase, negative for alkaline phosphatase and was able to phagocytize latex beads. We studied whether this cell line was able to present antigen to cloned MT4+, Lyt-2- T cells specific for methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) or ovalbumin (OVA). The in vitro proliferative response of the cloned T cells specific for mBSA or OVA was found to be effectively supported by AP284. This proliferation could be blocked by monoclonal antibodies against Ia determinants. AP284 also effectively presented antigen in vivo as was shown in a foot swelling assay measuring delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to mBSA caused by specific cloned T cells with the helper phenotype. This offers a unique model system for studying the process of antigen presentation in which both the antigen presenting cells and the T cells are monoclonal.     

Activating effects of interferons, lymphokines and viruses on cultured chicken macrophages

Cultured chicken bone-marrow-derived and blood monocyte-derived macrophages could be activated by various treatments: (1) With crude lymphokine preparations obtained from Concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated chicken spleen or thymus cell cultures: (2) with virus-induced interferons (IFN) from cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts or macrophages; (3) with inactivated reovirus or live infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Macrophage activity was expressed by cytostatic effects against lymphoblastoid target cells, and by morphological changes, such as enhanced spreading of the cells. The macrophage-activating capacity of lymphokine preparations (50% cytostasis-inducing dose) was closely associated with their antiviral activity (IFN units). According to its physico-chemical properties, ConA-induced lymphocyte interferon was considered to be IFN-gamma, but acid-and heat-resistant IFN-alpha or IFN-beta may also have been present in spleen cell or thymocyte culture supernatants. Virus-induced interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) were less effective in macrophage activation than in antiviral activity. Experimental results strongly suggested that macrophage activation by viruses was mediated by endogenous IFN.     

Treatment options for spontaneous and postoperative sclerosing mesenteritis

Sclerosing mesenteritis is a rare pathology with only a few described cases in the literature. The etiology is unclear; however, several potential triggers, including abdominal surgery and abdominal trauma, have been discussed. The pathology includes a benign acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the adipose tissue of the mesenterium. Despite it being a rare disease, sclerosing mesenteritis is an important differential diagnosis in patients after abdominal surgery or patients presenting spontaneously with signs of acute inflammation and abdominal pain. We present here three cases with sclerosing mesenteritis. In two cases, sclerosing mesenteritis occurred postoperatively after abdominal surgery. One patient was treated because of abdominal pain and specific radiological signs revealing spontaneous manifestation of sclerosing mesenteritis. So far there are no distinct treatment algorithms, so the patients were treated differently, including steroids, antibiotics and watchful waiting. In addition, we reviewed the current literature on treatment options for this rare disease.