Four-Year Follow-up on Endovascular Radiofrequency Obliteration of Great Saphenous Reflux

BACKGROUND: Endovascular radiofrequency obliteration has been used since 1998 as an alternative to conventional vein stripping surgery for elimination of saphenous vein insufficiency. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the long-term efficacy of this treatment modality. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected in a multicenter ongoing registry. Only great saphenous vein above-knee treatments were included in this study. Eight hundred ninety patients (1,078 limbs) were treated prior to November 2003 at 32 centers. Clinical and duplex ultrasound follow-up was performed at 1 week, 6 months, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. RESULTS: Among 1,078 limbs treated, 858 were available for follow-up within 1 week, 446 at 6 months, 384 at 1 year, 210 at 2 years, 114 at 3 years, and 98 at 4 years. The vein occlusion rates were 91.0%, 88.8%, 86.2%, 84.2%, and 88.8%, respectively; the reflux-free rates were 91.0%, 89.3%, 86.2%, 86.0%, and 85.7%, respectively; and the varicose vein recurrence rates were 7.2%, 13.5%, 17.1%, 14.0%, and 21.4%, respectively, at each follow-up time point at 6 months, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. Patient symptom improvement persisted over 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular temperature-controlled radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous vein reflux exhibits an enduring treatment efficacy clinically, anatomically, and hemodynamically up to 4 years following treatment.     

Pretransplant bilateral hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in adult patients with polycystic kidney disease.

Laparoscopic procedures continue to gain popularity over traditional open procedures for a number of abdominal and pelvic surgeries. With increasing experience, the application of this technique is rising because it provides an alternative, less invasive, approach to various surgical procedures. Herein, we report our experience with adult patients with polycystic kidney disease, requiring bilateral laparoscopic nephrectomy before renal transplantation.     

Relationship of "bleeding on probing" and "gingival index bleeding" as clinical parameters of gingival inflammation

Abstract Bleeding on probing (BOP) and the gingival index have been used to clinically characterize the degree of gingival inflammation. It is, however, unclear to what extent these parameters correlate to each other and to probing pocket depth (PD). The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the association between BOP and GI bleeding (scores of 2 and 3), as well as the relationship of these variables to PD, in a group of patients presenting with naturally-occurring gingivitis. Based on screening examinations of 125 subjects with at least 20 teeth, no more than 4 sites with PD over 6 mm, a BOP frequency of 30% or greater, and no systemic condition that would influence the inflammatory response, were selected. 2 weeks after screening they were examined at 6 sites per tooth for plaque index, GI, PD and BOP. A standardized pressure sensitive probe (Florida Probe) with 20 g probing force was used for BOP and PD measurements. In this population, means of 40.9% (S.E.= 1.36) BOP sites and 35.3% (S.E, = 1.81) GI bleeding sites per patient were found. A total of 20,008 sites ranging in PD up to 5.9 mm were evaluated; however, the majority of sites (19,723, 98.6%) presented with <4 mm PD. When sites were evaluated, BOP demonstrated a positive correlation with PD, whereas GI bleeding correlated with PH. For sites characterized by the absence of BOP as well as the absence of GI bleeding (scores 0 and 1), the highest % of agreement between the 2 indices (77.7%) was found in shallow sites (0.1–2 mm). In contrast, when sites presenting with both BOP and GI bleeding were analyzed, the highest % of agreement (85,4%) was found for sites with PD >4.0 mm. In this gingivitis population group, it appears that BOP and GI bleeding evaluate distinct inflammatory1 conditions of the gingival tissues, and the relationship between the 2 clinical parameters may vary according to PD at the individual site examined.     

Ecology of a Southern Ohio stream receiving fly ash pond discharge: Changes from acid mine drainage conditions

Prior to 1975, Stingy Run was a third-order tributary of Kyger Creek, which empties into the Ohio River at Mile 260 (Gallia County, Ohio). Both streams drained strip mine refuse areas and physicochemical measurements indicated acidicmine drainage conditions (e.g., low pH). A depauperate macroinvertebrate community, dominated by a few acid-tolerant taxa, was found in both streams and no fishes were collected. In 1974, Stingy Run was impounded to form a fly ash pond which contains fly ash sluiced from Ohio Power Company's General James M. Gavin coal-fired power plant. Physicochemical and biological sampling during 1975–1986 indicated marked changes in the aquatic ecology of Stingy Run between 1) pre-impoundment and post-impoundment conditions; and 2) effluent pH control treatments after impoundment. Fly ash discharge eliminated acidicmine drainage characteristics in Stingy Run and lower Kyger Creek. After impoundment, net spinning caddisflies and a few dipteran taxa dominated the Stingy Run benthic community, reflecting changes in functional niches likely due to improved habitat and greater food availability. Replacement of acid feed by CO₂ injection for effluent pH control and changes in ash pond chemistry occurred concomitant with elimination of a substrate floc; increased species richness and densities of invertebrates were subsequently observed. In Stingy Run, species richness and diversity of fishes increased from 1983 to 1986, reflecting improved water quality and increased benthic production after impoundment. Many of these fishes are opportunistic feeders on drifting insects.