全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5670篇 |
免费 | 262篇 |
国内免费 | 29篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 165篇 |
儿科学 | 66篇 |
妇产科学 | 50篇 |
基础医学 | 721篇 |
口腔科学 | 169篇 |
临床医学 | 384篇 |
内科学 | 1247篇 |
皮肤病学 | 150篇 |
神经病学 | 417篇 |
特种医学 | 277篇 |
外科学 | 930篇 |
综合类 | 16篇 |
预防医学 | 195篇 |
眼科学 | 134篇 |
药学 | 348篇 |
中国医学 | 9篇 |
肿瘤学 | 683篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 46篇 |
2022年 | 72篇 |
2021年 | 132篇 |
2020年 | 69篇 |
2019年 | 114篇 |
2018年 | 128篇 |
2017年 | 93篇 |
2016年 | 124篇 |
2015年 | 138篇 |
2014年 | 182篇 |
2013年 | 206篇 |
2012年 | 347篇 |
2011年 | 365篇 |
2010年 | 197篇 |
2009年 | 170篇 |
2008年 | 342篇 |
2007年 | 344篇 |
2006年 | 408篇 |
2005年 | 367篇 |
2004年 | 383篇 |
2003年 | 357篇 |
2002年 | 347篇 |
2001年 | 85篇 |
2000年 | 71篇 |
1999年 | 77篇 |
1998年 | 80篇 |
1997年 | 75篇 |
1996年 | 62篇 |
1995年 | 46篇 |
1994年 | 64篇 |
1993年 | 45篇 |
1992年 | 50篇 |
1991年 | 48篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 39篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 32篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 30篇 |
1984年 | 24篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有5961条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Kazunori Ikebe Kentaro Morii Jumpei Kashiwagi Takashi Nokubi Ronald L Ettinger 《Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics》2005,99(6):704-710
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of dry mouth with oral symptoms and function, such as denture instability, discomfort, soreness in denture-bearing tissue, and dissatisfaction with chewing, tasting, or speaking in removable denture wearers. STUDY DESIGN: The subjects were 493 removable denture wearers with a mean age of 67.3 years. Perception of oral dryness was measured by a questionnaire. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the dry mouth on oral symptoms and function after controlling for age and gender. RESULTS: Oral dryness during eating was related to dissatisfaction with chewing (odds ratio, 10.5; P < .001) and speaking (odds ratio, 3.5; P < .05) and overall dissatisfaction (odds ratio, 6.3; P < .01) in complete denture wearers. Feeling of dry mouth was likely to be associated with soreness in denture-bearing tissues in both complete and removable partial denture wearers. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association of the perception of dry mouth among a group of denture wearers with oral symptoms and function. 相似文献
22.
Tetsuya Yamamoto Kazunori Yoneda Eisaku Ueta Yukihiro Tatemoto Tokio Osaki 《International journal of clinical oncology / Japan Society of Clinical Oncology》1996,1(3):150-156
Background The antitumor effects of adoptive immunotherapy in combination with chemoradiotherapy were investigated in patients with oral
squamous cell carcinoma.
Methods Inductive chemoradiotherapy with peplomycin, 5-fluorouracil and60Co was given to 56 patients [CRI(−)group]. A local injection of adoptive lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells (≈2×108 cells) and small doses of interleukin-2(≈3×105 U) and interferon-gamma (≈2×105U) was given to 40 other patients in combination with the chemoradiotherapy [CRI(+) group].
Results Clinically, CR, PR, and LR were observed in 15 (37.5%), 24 (60.0%), and 1 (2.5%) of the patients in the CRI (+) group, respectively;
and in 14 (25.0%), 38 (67.9%), and 4 of the patients (7.1%) in the CRI (−) group. The histopathological effects were correlated
with the tumor remission rate, with lethal degeneration (grades III and IV), and prominent degeneration (grade IIB) in the
tumor cells noted in 20 (50.0%) and 16 (40.0%) of the CRI(+) patients, respectively; and in 21 (37.5%) and 29 (51.8%) of the
CRI (−) patients. Immunohistochemically, a prominent decrease of proliferating cell nuclear antigenpositive cells with a reciprocal
increase of LeY-positve cells was induced by the chemoradioimmunotherapy. DNA fragmentation was observed in the mutant type p53-negative
tumors in the CRI(+) group.
Conclusion Adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells and cytokines in combination with chemoradiotherapy induces advantageous anticancer
effects resulting from necrosis and apoptosis. 相似文献
23.
Although the esophagus is the most frequent site ofCandida infections in the gastrointestinal tract, and many clinical studies about it have been reported, little attention has been
directed toward experimental candidiasis of the esophagus, especially with regard to its ultrastructure. Using transmission
electron microscopy, this study was performed to clarify the ultrastructure of experimental lesions, obtained from five New
Zealand white male rabbits which were given a suspension ofCandida albicans cells (107/ml) for 13 days. The results showed that the lesions consisted of exfoliating, squamous epithelial cells with mycelial elements
ofCandida albicans cells penetrating through them, and that a widened intercellular space between individual cells in the area of candidial
invasion seems to be a characteristic finding of candidial infection.
A part of this study was presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Clinical Electron Microscopy Society of Japan, Matsumoto,
September 28–30, 1993. 相似文献
24.
Shiro Nakaike Takehiro Yamagishi Kazunori Samata Keiko Nishida Kouko Inazuki Tomoko Ichihara Yoshihiro Migita Susumu Otomo Hironaka Aihara Shigeru Tsukagoshi 《Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology》1989,23(3):135-139
Summary A novel antitumor compound, N--dimethylaminoethyl 9-carboxy-5-hydroxy-10-methoxybenzo[a]-phenazine-6-carboxamide sodium salt (NC-190) was evaluated for its antitumor activity in experimental murine tumor systems. In the initial studies with P388 leukemia (i.p.-i.p.), NC-190 led to an increase of >200% in life span (ILS), and 75% of the mice were alive on day 30, when the optimal dose (50 mg/kg, days 1–5) was given. Additionally, the compound had significant activities against i.p. inoculated mouse L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma, M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma, sarcoma 180, mouse hepatoma MH134, and rat Yoshida sarcoma and Yoshida ascites hepatoma AH130. The optimal dose resulted in a >280% ILS with a 30-day survival of 50% in mice with L1210 leukemia (100 mg/kg, days 1–5), a 156% ILS in mice with B16 melanoma (50 mg/kg, days 1–5), a 98% ILS with a 90-day survival of 25% in mice with M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma (25 mg/kg, days 1, 5, 9, and 13), a >300% ILS with a 60-day survival of 50% in mice with sarcoma 180 (50 mg/kg, days 3–10), a 148% ILS with a 60-day survival of 25% in mice with MH134 (25 mg/kg, days 1–5), a 129% ILS with a 60-day survival of 12.5% in rats with Yoshida sarcoma (12.5 mg/kg, day 3–10), and a >161% ILS with a 60-day survival of 50% in rats with AH130 (6.3 mg/kg, days 3–10). In the experiments with s.c. inoculated tumors, NC-190 not only inhibited tumor growth, but also increased the life span of mice with Lewis lung carcinoma or B16 melanoma. The 60-day survivors accounted for 60% and 30% in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma, respectively. The compound significantly inhibited the spontaneous lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma by more than 90% when eight daily i.v. injections were given. NC-190 was active by the i.p., s.c., and i.v. routes. Five consecutive daily i.p. doses (days 1–5) were more effective than a single dose (day 1), two doses (days 1 and 5), or three doses (days 1, 5, and 9). NC-190 warrants further study as a potential antineoplastic agent against human neoplasms, as it has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity and inhibits metastasis.Abbreviations
ILS
increase in life span
-
MST
median survival time
-
MMC
mitomycin C
-
ADM
adriamycin
-
CPA
cyclophosphamide
-
5-FU
5-fluorouracil 相似文献
25.
Nishioka K Okano M Ichihara Y Ichihara N Nishizaki K 《International archives of allergy and immunology》2005,136(2):142-147
BACKGROUND: Exposure to acute stressors modulates both innate and acquired immune function. However, little is known about whether stress has the potential to modulate the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of acute restraint stress on the initiation of allergic rhinitis in a murine model. METHODS: CBA/J mice were repeatedly intranasally sensitized with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from honeybee venom without adjuvant. Restraint stress was applied using uniform cylinders once a week for a continuous 8-hour period, on five occasions in total. Production of PLA2-specific antibodies and degree of nasal and blood eosinophilia were compared between stressed and control mice. RESULTS: Repeated intranasal sensitization with PLA2 induced PLA2-specific IgE and marked eosinophilia in both the nose and blood in CBA/J mice. Exposure to restraint stress significantly inhibited production of PLA2-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a. Conversely, the stress exerted no significant effect on eosinophilia. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to acute restraint stress inhibits antigen-specific antibody production, but not local or systemic eosinophilia. The results of this study suggest that acute stress has the potential to modulate the initiation of allergic rhinitis. 相似文献
26.
Kohno R Toyono T Seta Y Kataoka S Yamaguchi K Toyoshima K 《Archives of histology and cytology》2005,68(4):235-241
Synapses between taste receptor cells and primary sensory afferent fibers transmit the output signal from taste buds to the central nervous system. The synaptic vesicle cycle at the synapses involves vesicle docking, priming, fusion, endocytosis, and recycling. Many kinds of synaptic vesicle proteins participate in synaptic vesicle cycles. One of these, synaptotagmin 1, binds Ca(2+) phospholipids with high affinity and plays a role in Ca(2+) regulated neurotransmitter release in the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the expression patterns of synaptotagmin 1 in rat taste tissues have not been determined. We therefore examined the expression patterns of synaptotagmin 1 and several cell specific markers of type II and III cells in rat taste buds. RT-PCR assay showed that synaptotagmin 1 mRNA was expressed in circumvallate papillae. In fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae, the antibody against synaptotagmin 1 yielded the labeling of a subset of taste bud cells and intra- and subgemmal nerve processes. Double labeled experiments showed that synaptotagmin 1 positive cells co-expressed type III cell markers, PGP 9.5, and NCAM. Intragemmal nerve processes positive for synaptotagmin 1 co-expressed PGP 9.5. Conversely, all synaptotagmin 1 expressing cells did not co-expressed type II cell markers, PLCbeta2, or gustducin. These results show that synaptotagmin 1 may play some regulatory roles in vesicle membrane fusion events with the plasma membrane at the synapses of type III cells in rat taste buds. 相似文献
27.
Kazunori Akiyoshi Toshio Masuda Toshinobu Higashimura 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1992,193(3):755-763
Block copolymerizations of 1-chloro-1-octyne (1-ClO) with several substituted acetylenes were examined by means of living polymerization. o-(Trifluoromethyl)phenylacetylene (o-CF3PA), o-(trimethylsilyl)phenylacetylene (o-Me3SiPA), 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylene (1-ClPA), p-butyl-o,o,m,m-tetrafluorophenylacetylene (p-BuF4PA), and tert-butylacetylene (t-BuA) were used as comonomers, and the MoOCl4-n-Bu4Sn-EtOH (mole ratio 1:1:1) catalyst, which is known to effect living polymerization of substituted acetylenes, was employed. When o-CF3PA and 1-CIPA were the comonomers in combination with 1-CIO, block copolymers were exclusively obtained in both orders of monomer addition. In the cases of o-Me3SiPA and p-BuF4PA as comonomers, the copolymerizations initiated from 1-CIO produced block copolymers selectively, whereas the homopolymers of o-Me3SiPA and p-BuF4PA also formed if the order of monomer addition was reversed. The pair of 1-CIO and t-BuA did not selectively yield block copolymers irrespective of the order of monomer addition. Thus, block copolymerization occurred between 1-CIO and monomers that show high “livingness” and close reactivities. 相似文献
28.
Kitaichi N Kotake S Morohashi T Onoé K Ohno S Taylor AW 《Journal of leukocyte biology》2002,72(6):1117-1121
To evaluate the potential role of NK1.1 (CD161c) cells in autoimmune uveoretinitis, we treated experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)-susceptible mice with anti-CD161c antibodies (PK136) to deplete natural killer (NK) cells. Injection of anti-CD161c antibodies deleted NK cells from the peripheral blood of EAU-susceptible mice. The T cell proliferative response against the ocular autoantigen K2 was not suppressed in mice treated with anti-CD161c antibody when compared with T cells from control mice. Although mice treated with anti-CD161c developed EAU, the clinical severity on days 17 and 19 after induction of EAU was significantly mild in anti-CD161c-treated mice compared with control mice. In addition, the histopathological severity of EAU was significantly milder in mice treated with anti-CD161c antibodies than controls 21 days after induction of EAU. Our results indicate that the severity of EAU is augmented by NK1.1(+) NK cells. 相似文献
29.
Owada-Makabe K Tsubota Y Yukawa K Kakimoto N Liang XM Ichinose M Maeda M 《Neuroscience letters》2005,378(1):18-21
Attempts at protein transduction into specific restricted brain areas have remained unsuccessful. We attempted targeted, direct in vivo protein transduction by microinjecting beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) with hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) vector into the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The medulla oblongata including the NTS was removed 6h post-injection and cryostat sections were histochemically stained to detect beta-gal enzymatic activity. beta-gal-positive cells were present in these sections as was beta-gal activity determined by colorimetric analysis. beta-gal-positive cells were not present in the rats microinjected only beta-gal protein without HVJ-E vector. Our findings suggest that direct in vivo protein transduction into specific restricted brain areas is possible. The type of targeted delivery system we present may have wide applications in the administration of therapeutic proteins to the central nervous system. 相似文献
30.
Kazunori Nagai Yoshihiko Sugiyama Tsuyoshi Hosaka Hikoichiro Takaya 《Pathology international》1973,23(1):59-73
Five autopsy cases of thrombotic microangiopathy, including 3 cases associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia, were examined macroscopically, light-and electronmicroscopically.
The so-called hyaline thrombi In thrombotic microangiopathy were composed of fibrin and its degenerative products. Thrombocytes and other blood cells were not seen in the thrombi.
At the site of the formation of a thrombus, there was no conspicuous change in the walls of the capillaries and arterioles. It was considered, therefore, that the intravascular deposition of fibrin was the primary event in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy.
In regard to the distribution and morphologic findings, there was no basic difference between the microthrombi in cases associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia and those without it.
The bone marrow and some other organs in cases of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia macroscopically revealed a green colour. Many thrombi composed of leukaemic cells and fibrin were found in the pulmonary arteries of these cases. Furthermore, prominent erythrophagocytosis in the bone marrow and lymph nodes was a common finding in these cases. 相似文献
The so-called hyaline thrombi In thrombotic microangiopathy were composed of fibrin and its degenerative products. Thrombocytes and other blood cells were not seen in the thrombi.
At the site of the formation of a thrombus, there was no conspicuous change in the walls of the capillaries and arterioles. It was considered, therefore, that the intravascular deposition of fibrin was the primary event in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy.
In regard to the distribution and morphologic findings, there was no basic difference between the microthrombi in cases associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia and those without it.
The bone marrow and some other organs in cases of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia macroscopically revealed a green colour. Many thrombi composed of leukaemic cells and fibrin were found in the pulmonary arteries of these cases. Furthermore, prominent erythrophagocytosis in the bone marrow and lymph nodes was a common finding in these cases. 相似文献