Viral load responses to HAART is an independent predictor of a new AIDS event in late stage HIV infected patients: prospective cohort study

Background  

A sizeable number of HIV-infected patients receiving HAART do not maintain prolonged virologic suppression. We evaluated long-term HIV viral load (VL) responses to HAART as a risk factor for AIDS events (AE) that is independent of CD4 responses.     

Influence of a self-etching primer on compound nerve action potentials

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-etching primers on nerve conductance. A self-etching primer (One Up Bond F) which combines etching and bonding in one step, and a fifth-generation bonding agent (Prime&Bond NT ) were tested. Isolated rat sciatic nerves were placed between two platinum electrodes in a bath containing Tyrode solution. The bonding agents were brought into contact with the nerves and the evoked compound action potentials (CAP) were recorded before and after contact with the materials. One Up Bond F caused total inhibition of the CAP within an average time of 7 min. All CAPs in this group were blocked irreversibly. As with Prime&Bond NT, the reduction in CAP was 45.9% after an application time of 15 min, after which readings were terminated. Recovery of the CAP in this group were maintained after rinsing with fresh tyrode solution. One Up Bond F elicited faster blocking of nerve conductance under the conditions of this model. In the context of dentin desensitization with bonding agents, the self-etching primer may be more effective, clinically.     

Differential uptake of systemic fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 in lung and liver metastasis of B16 melanoma

Summary The growth and vascularization patterns of B16 melanoma colonies in the liver and lungs were measured and compared by histological techniques and dye diffusion patterns after injection of the fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. In the liver, the fluorescent pattern of dye diffusion revealed that uninodular tumours measuring up to 146 n in diameter were not functionally vascularized. However, when the nodules fused to give rise to multinodular tumours measuring between 256 and 366 n in diameter, a reticular dye diffusion pattern revealed functional tumour vascularization. In the lungs, subpleural, parenchymal and peritubular (i.e. surrounding blood vessels and airways) tumours were observed. The two former classes were vascularized down to thicknesses and diameters of 49 and 24 m respectively. In contrast, dye diffusion was never seen in peritubular tumour cuffs up to 609 m in thickness. The results indicate differences in vascularization patterns in B16 tumours in the liver and lungs, and differences between tumours growing in different sites within the lungs. If these results are applicable to metastases in these two organs, they indicate potential diffusion-mediated resistance to chemotherapy, and potential hypoxia-mediated resistance to radiotherapy of both metastases and micrometastases.     

Characterization and identification of Oya virus,a Simbu serogroup virus of the genus Bunyavirus,isolated from a pig suspected of Nipah virus infection

Summary.  A virus, named Oya virus, was isolated in Vero cell cultures from the lungs of a pig suspected of Nipah virus infection. The virus was revealed as a spherical enveloped RNA virus with a diameter of 79 nm. For identification of Oya virus, RT-PCR was performed. A common primer set for S-RNA of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus was able to amplify a cDNA from Oya virus RNA. The sequence data of the product revealed that the partial gene of Oya virus S-RNA segment had 65–70% homology with published cDNA sequences of Simbu serogroup viruses. The phylogenetic analysis of the data showed that the Oya virus is grouped in Simbu serogroup, but is genetically distinct from the serogroup viruses that have been analyzed molecularly. Serological surveys revealed that the virus distributed widely and densely in Malaysia. Received January 5, 2002; accepted April 16, 2002 Published online July 19, 2002     

Participation of serum and membrane lectins on the oxidative burst regulation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii hemocytes

Using a spectrophotometric NBT reduction assay and phagocytosis, we identified that production of superoxide anions and phagocytic activity of hemocytes from Macrobrachium rosenbergii were significantly higher in the presence of rat, rabbit, and chicken erythrocytes than with human, pig, or horse erythrocytes. Hemocytes stimulated with MrL, MrLMab, or PMA increased 4.7, 5.1, and 6.1 fold, respectively, the oxidative response as compared to non-stimulated hemocytes. MrLMab together with MrL increased 5.7 fold the oxidative capacity of hemocytes as compared to non-stimulated cells. These effects were inhibited with 100 mM GalNAc, GlcNAc, or Neu5Ac and 0.2 microM of sialylated submaxillary gland mucin and fetuin. Piroxicam inhibited (P < 0.05) the production of O(2)(-) induced by MrL, whereas iodoacetamide inhibited the effect of MrLMAb (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that MrLMab might activate the oxidative burst through the metabolism of glucose as opposed to MrL which utilizes NADPH-independent mechanisms, very probably through pro-inflammatory metabolites.     

Prevalence of HIV in Mayotte

Mayotte is a little French island, located in the Indian ocean, between Madagascar and Mozambic. Officially, the population goes up to 150,000 inhabitants, but in fact, it probably comes up to about 200,000 people, because of a very numerous illegal immigration, especially coming from Anjouan, the nearest Comorian island. Up to now there are no data about HIV in Mayotte. There is only one adult medical unit (except intensive care). All patients detected as seropositive for HIV are sent for treatment in this unit. The only case of systematically proposed HIV serology is pregnancy, and this since 1994. 70% to 80% of women accept it. There are annually 6000 deliveries in Mayotte. When a seropositivity is detected, screening is systematically proposed to other members of the family. Epidemiology does not seem to worsen, even if detection is increasing: 8675 tests done in 1998, 9142 in 1999, 12,085 in 2000. All cases of seropositivity attended to at present time in our unit have been registered and studied, apart from patients who died before this study, and those who did not consult for more than two years. There were 8 HIV positive people who died since 1990 in Mayotte, most of them in 1991, 1992. There was no death in the last years, nor sanitary evacuation, except one. 50 people are registered: 20 males, 30 females. Average age is 34. 39 Comorian people, 10 metropolitans, and one from another origin. Contamination was heterosexual in 43 cases, intravenous drug user in 1 case, homosexual in 2 cases, professional in 1 case, unknown in 3 cases. There are 4 double contamination Ag Hbs/HIV, and 2 HCV/HIV. 39 subjects are at A stage, 5 B, 6 C. The beginning of the epidemic in Mayotte took place probably around 1990, among militaries and prostitutes. Now, transmission keeps going on, in most cases, heterosexual, as it occurs in the nearby Africa. Polygamy, official or officious, has a leading role. Females who were detected during pregnancy have obtained zidovudine, or have been able to pursue previous therapy. Medical care and therapy are free in Mayotte, but sometimes there are delays in supplying medicines or in returning results. Epidemic has not increased up to now; even though screening has. There are very few pediatric cases: only 4 cases were notified in Mayotte until now: one who died very soon, one who has gone to live in Reunion island, and two who are still in Mayotte: one is 12 years old, and another one 5 years old.     

Adrenocortical, beta-endorphin and behavioral responses to graded stressors in differentially reared rats

Isolation rearing has long been suspected to alter hormonal and behavioral responses to stress. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that isolates are more timid or fearful than socially reared rats when exposed to novel test environments. In both, isolate response to 3 graded stressors was compared to that of socially-reared rats. In the first experiment, animals were handled, shocked or not treated prior to testing to produce three levels of conditioned fear. They were then tested on four paradigms previously shown sensitive to conditioned fear: open field activity, emergence latency, auditory startle, and latency to accept food from the experimenter. In the second experiment, rats were given a 0-, 5- or 20-min forced swim, then sacrificed for analysis of plasma corticosterone and pituitary and hypothalamic beta-endorphin. It was found that isolates showed little evidence of enhanced behavioral timidity, although rearing effects were seen on all 4 behavioral measures. Plasma corticosterone levels increased in a graded fashion over the course of the forced swim, but there was no effect of rearing conditions. While there were no effects of rearing or stress on hypothalamic beta-endorphin, pituitary beta-endorphin content was lower in females than in males, and isolate males had lower pituitary endorphin than social males. In summary, these experiments provide no evidence that isolation rearing produces a primary, global increase in fearfulness, but identify several behavioral and hormonal differences associated with differential housing in rats.