风湿性疾病肺间质变测定方法的评价

目的 探讨高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）、肺功能、胸片等风湿性疾病肺间质病变的诊断价值。方法 对２０例不同类型的风湿性疾病患者进行胸片、肺功能、ＨＲＣＴ检测,并将结果进行比较。结果 胸片、肺功能、ＨＲＣＴ对风湿性疾病肺间质病变检出率分别为２０％、５５％、８５％。肺功能和ＨＲＣＴ检出肺间质异常的俩组间比较,差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 ＨＲＣＴ对风湿性疾病早期,轻度肺间质病变的诊断有高度敏感性,可检出肺功能正常的肺部病变。肺功能尤其弥散功能亦可做为早期肺间质性病变的诊断方法,特别是对那些无明显临床症状、无胸片改变者。当出现弥散功能减低,ＨＲＣＴ出现磨玻璃影、胸膜下线、小叶间隔增厚等异常等,行积极有效治疗,可延缓终末肺发生,改善预后。     

异丙酚麻醉在喉显微手术中的应用

目的：观察喉显微手术应用异丙酚为主的复合麻醉对循环功能的影响及术后清醒过程。方法：２６例病人随机分为两组,异丙酚组,诱导剂量为２ｍｇ／ｋｇ;γ－羟基丁酸钠组,诱导剂量为６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。监测诱导前、诱导后插管前、插管后２ｍｉｎ、置支撑喉镜手术明及术毕的血压和心率,记录术毕到清醒的时间及清醒后情况。结果：异丙酚组诱导后插管前血压、心率均下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）,插管后及术血压、心率较诱导前变化不明显,术中     

功能性消化不良患者胆囊排空的研究

目的 :了解功能性消化不良 (functionaldyspepsia ,FD)患者胆囊排空功能 ,探讨胆囊运动与FD的关系。方法 :采用放射性核素显像法检测 2 6例功能性消化不良患者 (FD组 )空腹及试餐后胆囊排空 ,并与 2 1例正常成人 (NC组 )空腹及餐后胆囊排空作比较。结果 :FD组十二指肠显像时间为 43 2± 2 6min ,对照组为 2 5 7± 3 8min ;空腹及试餐后 40、5 0、6 0min胆囊排空分数明显低于正常对照组相应时相的胆囊排空分数 ,差异有显著性意义。结论 :FD患者存在胆囊排空障碍 ,考虑系胆囊收缩无力和Oddis括约肌运动不协调所致 ,提示胆囊排空障碍是功能性消化不良的病理生理基础和病因之一。     

Cyclin D1,p16在卵巢上皮性癌发生过程中的表达及相关性

研究ＣｙｃｌｏｎＤ１．ｐ１６在卵巢上皮性癌发生过程中的表达及相关性。方法采用免疫组织化学ＳＡＢＣ法检测卵巢上皮性癌,交界性,良性卵巢肿瘤及正常卵巢组织Ｃｙｃｌｉｎ,Ｄ１,ｐ１６的表达。结论ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１和Ｐ１６在卵巢上皮性肿瘤癌变过程中,两者表达水平的相关性反映了癌基因了与抑癌基因相互拮抗、抑制的机制。     

Effects of acetylcholine, carbachol, and mannitol on rabbit corneal endothelial function as assessed by corneal deturgescence

Background: Anterior chamber miotic solutions are widely used in ophthalmic surgery to induce pupillary contraction. We investigated whether the acetylcholine, carbachol, or mannitol present in perfusing solutions can affect corneal endothelial function. Methods: Freshly dissected deepithelized rabbit corneas were mounted in a Dikstein-Maurice chamber at 36 °C. The endothelial sides were perfused with six solutions: (A) 55 mM (1%) acetylcholine Cl plus modified balanced salts; (B) control for A, with acetylcholine Cl replaced by sucrose; (C) 0.55 mM (0.01%) carbachol Cl plus balanced salts; (D) balanced salts solution (BS; control for C); (E) 3% mannitol plus modified balanced salts; and (F) modified balanced salts (control for E, with mannitol replaced by sucrose). Corneal thickness was followed for 3 h in each experiment. The effect of solution E did not differ from that of solution F. Results: The carbachol-containing solution produced a small increase in corneal thickness compared to the control solution, while the acetylcholine-containing solution resulted in corneal thickness lower than that in control preparations. Conclusion: From these data, acetylcholine is harmless to the endothelium, and may actually stimulate its fluid pump mechanism. Carbachol, on the other hand, appears to have a detrimental effect.     

Formation of extra digits in the interdigital spaces of the chick leg bud is not preceded by changes in the expression of the Msx and Hoxd genes

By in situ hybridization we studied the expression patterns of Msx and Hoxd genes during the late development of the chick leg autopodium (foot) and compared them to patterns during the experimental development of interdigital extra digits. Extra digits are induced in the third interdigital space after various experimental manipulations, such as transient isolation of the interdigit, or removal of the interdigital marginal ectoderm and mesoderm. Msx1 and Msx2 are normally expressed in the interdigital tissue programmed to die. Our experiment changes the fate of the interdigital tissue from cell death to chondrogenesis and provides a good model for studying Msx involvement in defining areas of programmed cell death. Among the proposed roles for Hoxd genes is their involvement in the specification of digit identity early in development. The induction of extra digits allows us to examine whether this new morphogenetic commitment of the interdigital tissue involves changes in the domains of expression of Hoxd genes. Our results show that extra digits develop without a previous modification of the normal pattern of expression of Msx or Hoxd genes. This observation does not support the correlation between the expression of Msx genes and programmed cell death and suggests a role for these genes in maintaining the interdigital tissue in an undifferentiated state. Our results show that an increased number of digits can be formed without modifications in the pattern of expression of the 5-located Hoxd genes and suggest the existence of latent or residual digit organization mechanisms past the time when digits are normally determined, independent of Hoxd gene expression.     

Continent perineal colostomy by transposition of gracilis muscles

We herein present a study conducted on 14 patients presenting cancer of the lower rectum or of the anal canal (10 adenocarcinomas and 4 squamous-cell carcinomas) and submitted to the Miles abdominal perineal resection in which a new perineal sphincter was constructed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this new perineal sphincter constructed by transposing the gracilis muscles around an orthotopic colostomy in the attempt to avoid a permanent abdominal colostomy. METHODS: In all cases both gracilis muscles were employed. The right one was placed along the posterior wall of the pelvis and fixed to the controlateral ischiatic tuberosity, creating a sling comparable to the levator ani muscles. The left gracilis was passed around the colon and attached to the ipsilateral or controlateral tuberosity according to its length, reconstructing a muscular ring. The entire procedure was performed in one step in nine cases and in more steps in the remaining five. RESULTS: Of the 14 operated patients, 2 died of vascular disease and 1 developed necrosis of the colonic stump which required reconversion to an abdominal colostomy. Of the remaining 11 patients available for long-term evaluations, 8 showed adequate stool control. The remaining three manifested an incomplete level of continence. During the three-year follow-up period, all patients were evaluated by clinical examination, defecography, endoluminal ultrasonography, nuclear magnetic resonance, CT scan, and endoluminal manometry. CONCLUSION: This neosphincter realizes an elastic stenosis responsible for an efficient level of continence. Best results are observed in the young and educated patients submitted to surgery in two steps. Contraindications to this surgery seem to be advanced cancer, old age, and obesity.     

Microscopic endoluminal tumorectomy

PURPOSE: We herein report our experience with transanal endoscopic microsurgery. The new technique combines an endoscopic view and access of the rectum under gas insufflationviaa stereoscopic telescope with all conventional surgical maneuvers such as tissue preparation, coagulation and control of bleeding, irrigation, suction, and, finally, suturing of the parietal defect. METHODS: The main indication for transanal endoscopic microsurgery is the removal of broad-based sessile polyps and excision of early rectal cancers. We performed local excision of pT2, G1-2 adenocarcinomas and excision of advanced rectal cancer in high-risk patients. The reported series includes 35 consecutive patients, who have been enrolled in a prospective clinical trial. Five patients were excluded for different reasons. The patients were submitted to 29 total wall excisions with or without perirectal fat and one mucosectomy. RESULTS: Postoperative histologic examination showed 9 adenomas and 21 adenocarcinomas. Morbidity included 2 (5.6 percent) perioperative and 2 (5.6 percent) late complications. There was no operative mortality and the mean postoperative hospital course was six days. All patients are in follow-up observation with a mean time of 10.3 months. In the group of adenomas and adenocarcinomas, we did not observe local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Considering our experience with the overall results reported by other authors, we believe that transanal endoscopic microsurgery is the procedure of choice for the treatment of rectal polyps and early rectal cancers provided strict patient selection criteria are met.     

Admission,recruitment, and retention

As the country strives to produce larger numbers of generalist physicians, considerable controversy has arisen over whether or not generalist applicants can be identified, recruited, and influenced to keep a generalist-oriented commitment throughout medical training. The authors present new and existing data to show that: 1) preadmission (BA/MD or post-baccalaureate) programs can help to identify generalist-oriented students; 2) characteristics determinedat admission to medical school are predictive of future generalist career choice; 3) current inpatient-oriented training programs strongly push students away from a primary care career; 4) women are more likely than men to choose generalist careers, primarily because of those careers’ interpersonal orientation; and 5) residency training programs are able to select applicants likely to become generalists. Therefore, to produce more generalists, attempts should be made to encourage generalist-oriented students to enter medical schools and to revise curricula to focus on outpatient settings in which students can establish effective and satisfying relationships with patients. These strategies are most likely to be successful if enacted within the context of governmental and medical school-based changes that allow for more reimbursement and respect for the generalist disciplines.     

Mucoadhesion of Latexes. I. Analytical Methods and Kinetic Studies

A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection technique for direct quantification of adsorbed poly(styrene) latexes on rat intestinal mucosa was developed for deposited latex amounts up to 1.5 g/m². The method agreed well with another dosage assay of adsorbed particles by turbidimetry after denaturation of the mucus. Adsorption kinetics were made under static conditions at latex concentrations of 4 g/L in physiological saline. Ninety percent of equilibrium was reached after 10 min for a particle size of 230 nm, 20 min for a size of 320 nm, and 30 min for a size of 670 nm. The plateaus were between 0.6 and 0.9 g/m² (adsorbed mass per apparent surface of mucosa). The first phase of the kinetics was theoretically approached by a diffusion model in the suspension medium. Mucosa from rat jejunum and ileum could be considered as a homogeneous biological model for latex adsorption.