全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2806篇 |
免费 | 144篇 |
国内免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 28篇 |
儿科学 | 90篇 |
妇产科学 | 45篇 |
基础医学 | 273篇 |
口腔科学 | 262篇 |
临床医学 | 240篇 |
内科学 | 576篇 |
皮肤病学 | 19篇 |
神经病学 | 154篇 |
特种医学 | 92篇 |
外科学 | 504篇 |
综合类 | 21篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 358篇 |
眼科学 | 14篇 |
药学 | 210篇 |
中国医学 | 1篇 |
肿瘤学 | 83篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 41篇 |
2020年 | 31篇 |
2019年 | 45篇 |
2018年 | 49篇 |
2017年 | 40篇 |
2016年 | 44篇 |
2015年 | 38篇 |
2014年 | 70篇 |
2013年 | 146篇 |
2012年 | 152篇 |
2011年 | 173篇 |
2010年 | 90篇 |
2009年 | 79篇 |
2008年 | 187篇 |
2007年 | 197篇 |
2006年 | 179篇 |
2005年 | 200篇 |
2004年 | 191篇 |
2003年 | 201篇 |
2002年 | 181篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 25篇 |
1999年 | 53篇 |
1998年 | 47篇 |
1997年 | 44篇 |
1996年 | 38篇 |
1995年 | 24篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 25篇 |
1990年 | 16篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1966年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2971条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Honkanen PO Mäkelä PH 《BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy》1999,12(1):19-25
Pneumococcal infections, especially pneumococcal pneumonia and pneumococcal bacteraemia are leading causes of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. The emergence of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains together with the growing number of old people have emphasised the need for prevention of pneumococcal infections. Prospective cohort studies with pneumonia as the endpoint have so far left open the question of the rationale of vaccinating the risk groups with pneumococcal vaccine. Pneumococcal vaccine has been proven effective against pneumococcal bacteraemia, but the incidence of that disease and thus its importance to the individuals themselves and to the healthcare system is small. Adverse events associated with pneumococcal vaccine are quite frequent but, especially in the elderly, mild and do not limit its use. Clinicians should keep the pneumococcal vaccine in mind and discuss its use with their patients at increased risk for pneumococcal infection. However, before pneumococcal vaccine can be included in national vaccination programmes, its cost-effectiveness in preventing invasive infections must be assured or definitive evidence obtained of its effectiveness against non-invasive pneumococcal infection. 相似文献
22.
Kunnas TA Lehtimäki T Karhunen PJ Laaksonen R Janatuinen T Vesalainen R Nuutila P Knuuti J Nikkari ST 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》2004,82(12):821-825
Most of the effects of estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptors. Vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells express estrogen receptor (ESR1) in both genders. A long genotype group of a common thymine-adenine (TA) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the regulatory region of this gene has previously been related to coronary artery disease. The present study examined whether coronary blood flow is affected by this genotype. A total of 49 healthy men were genotyped by PCR and divided into three groups according to median number of the ESR1 promoter TA repeat (=19), i.e., in the short allele genotype group both alleles were of fewer than 19 repeats whereas in the long allele group both alleles were 19 repeats or more. The intermediate group comprised men who had one short and one long allele. Myocardial blood flow was measured by positron emission tomography using [15O]water, performed at rest and during adenosine stimulation. Men with long alleles had lower adenosine-stimulated coronary flow than those with short alleles and those with one short and one long allelle. Our results suggest that adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion is lower in subjects with ESR1 long alleles than the other TA repeat genotypes. 相似文献
23.
Interleukin 1-induced lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells. Role of cAMP as a second messenger 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Risto Renkonen Pirkko Mattila Pekka Häyry Jarkko Ustinov 《European journal of immunology》1990,20(7):1563-1567
Interleukin 1 (IL 1) is a potent protein mediator of inflammation. Among other things it increases the number of lymphocytes adhering to endothelial cell monolayers. We analyzed the signal transduction during IL 1-induced lymphocyte binding. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, which is a cAMP analog able to penetrate into the cytosol, increased lymphocyte binding to the same extent as IL 1. Direct activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin enhanced also lymphocyte binding. IL 1 increased the level of cytosolic cAMP in a time- and dose-dependent manner measured with radioimmunoassay. 2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine, which is an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, decreased both the IL 1-induced lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells and elevation in cytosolic cAMP levels. Lymphocyte binding increased with cytosolic cAMP levels in accordance with elevation of IL 1 concentration. These results suggest that cAMP is essential in signal transduction during IL 1-induced lymphocyte binding to cultured endothelial cell monolayers. 相似文献
24.
Summary Ground reaction forces and mechanical power were investigated when the subjects walked normally, while they were racing or running at four speeds, and when they performed the running long jump take-off. In addition, the apparent spring constants of the support leg in eccentric and concentric phases were investigated at the four running speeds, during the running long jump take-off, and in the triple jump. Six club level track and field athletes, four national level long jumpers, and six national level triple jumpers took part in the study. Cinematographic technique and a mathematical model of hopping (Alexander and Vernon 1975) were employed in the analysis. Force and power values were found to vary in the following order (from highest to lowest): long jump take-off, maximal running speed, submaximal running (80, 60, and 40% of maximum speed), racing gait, and normal gait. The data disclosed that the measured parameters had the highest values in the long jump take-off performed by the long jump athletes. Their peak values were: resultant ground reaction force 3270±74 N and mechanical power 160.1±10.5 J×kg–1×s–1. For the track and field athletes the values were 2010±80 N and 126.0±12.6 J ×kg–1×s–1. The apparent spring constant values of the support leg in the national level jumper group were in eccentric phase 30.54±8.38 N×mm–1 ×kg–1 and in concentric phase 0.129±0.012 N×mm–1×kg–1. In the track and field athletes the values were 13.97±1.01 N×mm–1×kg–1 and 0.093±0.003 N×mm–1×kg–1, respectively. In general, the increase in force and mechanical power output was related to the value of the apparent spring constant of the support leg in the eccentric phase. The spring constant in the eccentric phase increased with the velocity of motion in running, the long jump take-off and the triple jump. This suggests that it may be possible to use this parameter as a measure of mechanical performance, as it may reflect the combined elasticity of muscles, tendons, and bones. 相似文献
25.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to cytomegalovirus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) using polystyrene beads as the solid phase for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen and iodinated immunosorbent purified anti-human IgG, IgM, and IgA as indicator antibodies was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies to CMV. An antigen prepared from extracellular virus was essential for reliable results, and a preparation ultracentrifuged and sonicated twice was better than a crude antigen. The optimal antigen gave low cpm values with a negative reference serum, resulting in cpm ratios of 10 or higher between early convalescent phase serum and negative reference serum. Of six patients with an increase in CMV CF titres, all six had an increase in RIA IgG titres, four had an increase in IgA titres, and all had IgM antibodies. The IgG titres were high, up to 1/64,000. In a group of 17 infants negative in CMV CF test, 14 had CMV IgG antibodies in RIA test, indicating mainly low levels of maternal antibodies. In six of seven patients with CMV isolations from urine specimens, an increase in IgG or IgA titres or the presence of IgM antibodies was found, and only one of these patients had an increase in CMV CF titre. The specificity of the developed CMV RIA test was further demonstrated by detecting no significant increase in RIA titres in serum specimens of patients with primary herpes simplex infection, chickenpox, herpes zoster, or infectious mononucleosis. 相似文献
26.
Pussinen PJ Laatikainen T Alfthan G Asikainen S Jousilahti P 《Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology》2003,10(5):897-902
This study aimed to clarify how concentrations of vitamin C in plasma relate to the serology of periodontitis. The random sample used comprised 431 men, 194 from Finland and 237 from Russia. The plasma vitamin C concentration was determined by o-phtaldialdehyde-fluorometry, and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were determined by a multiserotype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean plasma vitamin C concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in Finnish subjects (mean +/- standard deviation, 4.5 +/- 2.8 mg/liter) than in Russian subjects (1.4 +/- 1.8 mg/liter). Mean antibody levels to both A. actinomycetemcomitans (4.7 +/- 3.6 versus 5.2 +/- 3.1 ELISA units [P = 0.05]) and P. gingivalis (5.7 +/- 2.5 versus 7.6 +/- 2.9 ELISA units [P < 0.001]) were lower in Finnish men than in Russian men. In the combined Finnish and Russian population, the antibody levels to P. gingivalis were negatively correlated with vitamin C concentrations (r = -0.22; P < 0.001); this association remained statistically significant (P = 0.010) in a linear regression model after adjustment for confounding factors. The proportion of P. gingivalis-seropositive subjects decreased with increasing vitamin C concentrations (P for trend, <0.01), but no trend was seen among A. actinomycetemcomitans-seropositive subjects. In conclusion, P. gingivalis infection is associated with low concentrations of vitamin C in plasma, which may increase colonization of P. gingivalis or disturb the healing of the infected periodontium. 相似文献
27.
Purpose. The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (HP--CD) on the aqueous solubility and stability of two lipophilic bispilocarpine prodrugs were investigated at pH 7.4.
Methods. The solubility of prodrugs was studied by phase-solubility method (0–72.5 mM HP--CD). The stability of one of the prodrugs was investigated as a function of temperature (40°C–70°C) and HP--CD concentration (0–72.5 mM). The apparent rate constants (k
1, k
2) for degradation of prodrug in 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes and apparent stability constants (K
1:1, K
l:2) were calculated by the curve-fitting method.
Results. The phase-solubility diagrams were classified as Ap-type and the apparent stability constants (K
l:l, K
l:2) for 1:1- and 1:2-inclusion complexes were calculated to be 143–815 M–l and 29–825 M–1, respectively. The stability of prodrug increased as a function of HP--CD concentration over the studied temperature range. The shelf-life (t
90%, calculated by the Arrhenius equation) of the prodrug in 72.5 mM HP--CD solution increased 5.1-fold and 6.1-fold at 25°C and 4°C, respectively.
Conclusions. The solubility of the prodrugs was shown to increase markedly in phase-solubility studies. The degradation rate of prodrug in stability studies was shown to be slower in the l:2-complex than in the l:l-complex and the relative amounts of complex species were found to be dependent on CD concentration. 相似文献
28.
29.
Pekka Honkavaara Ilmari Pyykkö Eeva-Marja Rutanen 《Journal canadien d'anesthésie》1996,43(11):1108-1114
Purpose
To assess the effect of the menstrual cycle on post-operative retching and vomiting (R& V) after middle ear surgery, and the efficacy of prophylaxis against R& V in female patients with transdermal scopolamine during either general or local anaesthesia and with intravenous ondansetron during general anaesthesia. 相似文献30.
Suhonen Pekka Järvinen Tomi Rytkönen Päivi Peura Pekka Urtti Arto 《Pharmaceutical research》1991,8(12):1539-1542
0,0-(l,4-Xylylene) bispilocarpic acid esters are pilocarpine pro-drugs containing two pilocarpic acid monoesters linked with one pro-moiety. Each mole of prodrug forms two pilocarpine moles in the presence of esterases. Corneal uptake and permeability of various bispilocarpic acid diesters were investigated in vitro using isolated albino rabbit corneas. The permeability coefficient of pilocarpine was 2.8 × 10 –6 cm/sec, whereas for bispilocarpic acid diesters, despite their large molecular weights (between 638 and 722), permeability coefficients were 6.5–20.2 × 10 –6 cm/sec. Only pilocarpine, and no intact prodrug, was observed at the endothelial side. Corneal uptake was increased with increasing lipophilicity, but a parabolic relationship between the logarithm of the apparent partition coefficient (1-octanol–pH 7.4 phosphate buffer) (log PC) and the corneal permeability was noticed. Corneal permeability and the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the compounds correlated well. The corneal permeability of pilocarpine given as lipophilic bispilocarpic acid diester (log PC 3) prodrugs seems to be controlled by the formation of pilocarpine in the corneal epithelium rather than by the absorption of prodrugs into the epithelium or their epithelium–stroma transport rate. 相似文献