Radiopacity of dental materials using a digital X-ray system.

OBJECTIVES: Radiopacity is a desirable property for most intra-oral materials. There are established ISO and ANSI/ADA protocols for determining radiopacity using film-based radiography. However, these methods are not always followed by researchers. This study aims to adapt those procedures by using digital radiography, a simplified stepwedge, and examine the effects of target distance and exposure time choice. METHODS: One millimetre thick samples of three dental materials were prepared by placing the materials into a 1.00 mm thick washer sandwiched between two glass slides. The samples were digitally radiographed alongside a stepwedge of aluminum alloy 1100 with an X-ray unit at 70 kVp using five different target distance/exposure time combinations. For each combination, the grey scale values of various thicknesses of the stepwedge were converted into absorbencies and plotted against their thickness. These plots were then linearly regressed in order to correlate absorbance with a thickness of aluminum for each target distance/exposure time combination. The absorbencies of each sample were then converted into radiopacities using these correlations. RESULTS: The correlations between the absorbance of the stepwedge and its thickness were highly linear. This linearity allows the correlation to be accurately deduced from fewer data points than required by the ISO and ANSI/ADA protocols. Varying exposure time did not significantly affect the mean radiopacity measured at a target distance of 30 cm. Varying the target distance did not significantly affect the measured radiopacity as long as the samples were properly exposed. SIGNIFICANCE: A simplified, consistent digital method for determining radiopacity is presented.     

Serial CT findings of Paragonimus infested dogs and the Micro-CT findings of the worm cysts.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serial CT findings of Paragonimus westermani infected dogs and the microscopic structures of the worm cysts using Micro-CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the committee on animal research at our institution. Fifteen dogs infected with P. westermani underwent serial contrast-enhanced CT scans at pre-infection, after 10 days of infection, and monthly thereafter until six months for determining the radiologic-pathologic correlation. Three dogs (one dog each time) were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. After fixation of the lungs, both multi-detector CT and Micro-CT were performed for examining the worm cysts. RESULTS: The initial findings were pleural effusion and/or subpleural ground-glass opacities or linear opacities at day 10. At day 30, subpleural and peribronchial nodules appeared with hydropneumothorax and abdominal or chest wall air bubbles. Cavitary change and bronchial dilatation began to be seen on CT scan at day 30 and this was mostly seen together with mediastinal lymphadenopathy at day 60. Thereafter, subpleural ground-glass opacities and nodules with or without cavitary changes were persistently observed until day 180. After cavitary change of the nodules, the migratory features of the subpleural or peribronchial nodules were seen on all the serial CT scans. Micro-CT showed that the cyst wall contained dilated interconnected tubular structures, which had communications with the cavity and the adjacent distal bronchus. CONCLUSION: The CT findings of paragonimiasis depend on the migratory stage of the worms. The worm cyst can have numerous interconnected tubular channels within its own wall and these channels have connections with the cavity and the adjacent distal bronchus.     

Buccal mucosal graft for urethral reconstruction.

Urethral reconstruction with graft substances, such as skin and bladder mucosa, has been previously used when primary anastomosis cannot be achieved. However, stricture and meatal prolapse are associated with these grafts. We report the use of buccal mucosa for the reconstruction of urethral defects in 3 patients. One patient with failed operation for hypospadias received tube buccal mucosal graft for urethral replacement. Two patients with urethral necrosis and stricture received onlay buccal mucosal graft. All patients were disease-free during follow-up (range, 12 to 49 months; mean, 36 months). One patient had a pinhole fistula that was successfully managed with simple repair. This technique appears to be useful for urethral reconstruction when a local graft is not available, even in patients with complicated conditions.     

Retinal accumulation of the phosducin/T beta gamma and transducin complexes in developing normal mice and in mice and dogs with inherited retinal degeneration

Rod photoreceptors of mammalian retinas contain a 33-kDa phosphoprotein, phosducin, which complexes with the beta, gamma-subunits of transducin (T beta gamma). The level of phosducin phosphorylation is modulated by light, suggesting that the phosducin/T beta gamma complex has a pivotal role in light-regulated events that occur in photoreceptors. We have investigated, in developing mouse retinas, the age at which the complex is first detected and the subsequent accumulation of the phosducin/T beta gamma complex during postnatal life. Western blot analysis detected immunoreactivity both for phosducin and T beta in retinal homogenates of 3-day-old mice. Thereafter, the level of immunoreactivity for both proteins increased steadily, to reach adult levels in the next 2 postnatal weeks. Gel filtration analysis of extracts from immature mouse retina showed that phosducin and T beta co-eluted, like the phosducin/T beta gamma complex of adult retina, as a 77-kDa complex, indicating that the phosducin/T beta gamma complex is formed when photoreceptors first synthesize the components of the complex. While the levels of the phosducin/T beta gamma complex increased steadily during the first 2 postnatal weeks, the subunits of transducin complex, T alpha together with additional amounts of T beta gamma, only started to appear around the 7-9th postnatal day, and the level of transducin complex increased sharply at 11-14 days to reach adult levels that are similar to those of phosducin/T beta gamma complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A developmental study of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) in single and double homozygous rd and rds mutant mouse retinae

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) was studied using immunochemical and immunocytochemical techniques in retinae of mice with allelic combinations at the rd and rds loci at different stages of development and degeneration. Until postnatal day 7 (P7), IRBP is located intracellularly in developing retinae of the different genotypes. Thereafter, IRBP is present mainly in the interphotoreceptor matrix. As previously noted, cell death is slowest in the heterozygous +/+,rds/+ mutant with loss increasing in order in +/+,rds/rds, rd/rd, rds/rds and rd/rd,+/+ animals. The IRBP content of the total retina also approximates this pattern, with lowest amounts by far in rd/rd, rds/rds and rd/rd,+/+ mutants (after P14). Interestingly though, IRBP loss significantly precedes visual cell loss in the rd/rd,rds/rds retina. In all the mutants, the remaining rod cells in the outer nuclear layer exhibit synthesis of intracellularly located IRBP at late stages of degeneration. In the single homozygous rd/rd,+/+ and the double homozygous rd/rd,rds/rds mutants, IRBP is present intracellularly during the entire degenerative process with somewhat less intracellular IRBP in the rd/rd,rds/rds mutant. Retinae of homozygous +/+,rds/rds and heterozygous +/+,rds/+ animals exhibit a normal distribution pattern of IRBP immunoreactivity until loss of photoreceptor cells becomes pronounced at later stages of the disease. Many of the remaining cells at this time are probably cone elements although they are structurally changed. Double labeling with IRBP and S-antigen demonstrates, in many but not all, the presence of both proteins in the same cell body. Immunocytochemistry clearly demonstrated the presence of IRBP in remaining photoreceptor cells at late stages of the disease. Thus, the biochemically measured loss of IRBP appears to be a complex process neither directly dependent on the loss of photoreceptor outer segments and reduced interphotoreceptor matrix space (e.g. there is a sustained IRBP level in rodless rds mutants) nor simply due to cell death (e.g. in the rd/rd,rds/rds mutant, IRBP loss significantly precedes cell loss). That this IRBP is mainly intracellular, however, may indicate an abnormality in secretion which, combined with other factors, induces a degenerated and less differentiated phenotype.