Bioimpedance analysis highlights changes in body composition at the early stages of impairment of kidney transplant function.

OBJECTIVE: Kidney transplantation restores renal filtration, although it does not achieve the function of 2 native kidneys, and with time it may involute back to chronic renal failure. We hypothesized that bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) might highlight differences for body compartments among kidney transplants (Tx) with different filtration rates. METHODS: Thirty transplantation patients (19 male, 11 female) were studied at 62.4+/-26.6 months postsurgery and were divided into 3 groups: good creatinine clearance (crCl, mL/min/1.73 m2; >65.0), borderline (35.0相似文献   

Increased in vitro uptake of the complement C3b in the serum of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis and dermatomyositis

To examine the role of complement in certain autoimmune neuromuscular diseases, we used an in-vitro quantitative complement uptake assay that allows measurement of the capacity of patients' sera to deposit fragments of the third complement component onto sensitized targets. C3 uptake was significantly higher in patients with active dermatomyositis, Guillain-Barré syndrome and myasthenia gravis, compared to inclusion body myositis and controls. The in-vitro C3 uptake assay supports the role of C3b neoantigen and Membranolytic Attack Complex deposition in the target tissues and may be a useful tool to monitor disease activity in patients with complement-mediated neurological disorders.     

REM sleep behavior disorder and vocal cord paralysis in Machado-Joseph disease.

We evaluated the occurrence of REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and vocal cord abductor paralysis (VCAP) in a group of 9 Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) patients. RBD was diagnosed by clinical history plus audiovisual polysomnography in 4 men and 1 woman (55%). While dreaming, 4 fell out of the bed and the other injured his arms. Laryngoscopy detected bilateral VCAP in 1 patient with stridor who required emergency tracheotomy, and partial vocal cord abductor restriction in 2. RBD and VCAP are two potentially injurious conditions that should be considered part of the clinical spectrum of MJD.     

Transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Selection of a low-risk group for immediate cardioversion.

INTRODUCTION: In patients (pts) with atrial fibrillation (AF) of more than 48 hours' duration, electrical cardioversion (ECV) should only be performed after 3 weeks of effective anticoagulation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows earlier ECV; however, despite exclusion of thrombi in the atrium and left atrial appendage (LAA), cases of thromboembolism related to ECV have been documented in AF. To define a low-risk group for cardioversion without previous anticoagulation, pts were selected for immediate ECV if no thrombi or dynamic spontaneous echo contrast (auto-contrast) were found after TEE and if LAA velocity was more than 0.25 m/sec. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed TEE in 31 consecutive pts referred for ECV for AF of more than 48 hours' duration and without previous anticoagulation. After TEE the pts eligible for immediate ECV began anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin), subcutaneously in therapeutic doses, together with warfarin immediately before cardioversion. Enoxaparin was continued until an INR of over 2 was reached. Based on the TEE findings, the pts were divided in 2 groups: immediate ECV, group A, 20 pts with a mean age of 62 +/- 13 years, 6 female; and conventional therapy with warfarin before ECV, group B, 11 pts, mean age of 67 +/- 10 years (p < 0.05), 2 female. None of the pts in either group had mitral stenosis or previous episodes of thromboembolism. The mean transverse diameter of the left atrium in the 31 pts was 47 +/- 4.5 mm, without statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Of the 11 pts in group B, 3 had a thrombus in the LAA, 6 dynamic spontaneous echo contrast and the remainder LAA velocities of less than 0.25 m/sec. ECV was achieved in all the pts, with no complications. Oral anticoagulation was maintained for at least a month. At one month, sinus rhythm was maintained in 75% of group A and 45% of group B (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In pts with AF of more than 48 hours' duration and no previous history of thromboembolism, the use of our exclusion criteria during TEE enabled stratification of a low-risk population for immediate ECV, which was accomplished effectively and safely in 2/3 of the pts. This strategy is associated with early symptomatic improvement, and may contribute to maintenance of sinus rhythm after one month, which was significantly better than in the pts who had prolonged therapy with warfarin before ECV, despite the differences found in age and left ventricular function.     

Onychopathy in a Patient with Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome

Abstract: Hydantoin is an anticonvulsant drug with several side effects. A teralogenic potential has been suggested. The fetal hydantoin syndrome is an entity that consists of a broad range of morphologic and developmental disorders in children born of epileptic mothers exposed to hydantoin during pregnancy. We treated a girl in whom onychopathy was a monosymptomatic or mild form of this syndrome.     

Antiparasitic drugs and lactation: focus on anthelmintics, scabicides, and pediculicides.

Infections involving helminths or parasitic worms affect more than 25% of the population worldwide. Because lactating women and their infants are often affected by the complications of these infections such as iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition, they benefit the most from drug therapy. However, scientific literature offers little information regarding transfer of anthelmintics in breast milk and its effects in lactating infants. Scabies and pediculosis, or lice, are common skin infections affecting school-aged children. Close contacts of infected children, which often include lactating mothers, need treatment with one of the several topical products available in the market. This article will review the physicochemical properties and use of anthelmintics, pediculicides, and scabicides while breastfeeding.     

Continuous epidural infusion of racemic methadone results in effective postoperative analgesia and low plasma concentrations

PURPOSE: To compare two protocols of epidural administration of racemic methadone for postoperative analgesia (continuous infusion and intermittent bolus), focussing on plasma concentration, analgesic efficacy and side effects. METHODS: Ninety patients undergoing abdominal or lower-limb surgery were randomly assigned to two groups in a prospective double-blind design. The continuous infusion patients (n=60) received initial doses of 3 to 6 mg followed by 6 to 12 mg by continuous infusion over 24 hr. The bolus administration patients (n=30) received repeated boluses of 3 to 6 mg of racemic methadone every eight hours. Pain intensity was assessed on a visual analog scale. Amount of supplementary analgesia was recorded, as was the incidence of side effects. Plasma methadone concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Treatment was continued for 72 hr. RESULTS: Pain relief was good and comparable in both groups throughout the three days of treatment. No accumulation of plasma racemic methadone was observed in either group, although the concentrations were significantly higher in the bolus group. Miosis was significantly more frequent in the bolus group. CONCLUSION: Plasma methadone concentrations were significantly lower with continuous infusion. Plasma methadone accumulation, which is considered the main disadvantage for its purported influence on the incidence of side effects, did not occur at the doses used over the three days of treatment that we report.     

Haplotype diversity and somatic instability in normal and expanded SCA8 alleles.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) is an autosomal dominant late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, belonging to the group of diseases caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions. SCA8 remains one of the most intriguing SCAs, regarding the reduced disease penetrance, and the high instability and poorly understood functional meaning of the (CTA)(n)(CTG)(n) expansion. We performed haplotype and sequencing analysis in a large region, encompassing the repeat, in four SCA8 and 20 control Portuguese families. The results from the haplotype study including the combined repeat and six SNP markers showed two different haplotypes, AG-Exp-GTTG and AG-Exp-CTTG, in the SCA8 families. Among the control population, these were also the most frequent, in a total of five haplotypes found unequally distributed throughout repeat sizes. From cloning fragments of control, unstable normal and expanded chromosomes, eleven different base substitutions were identified in exon A of the SCA8 gene. In some instances, somatic variability in repeat size or base composition was found for a same chromosome, regardless of its normal or expanded nature. In conclusion, our results in Portuguese families with ataxia show that SCA8 expansions arose in common backgrounds; in addition, this region seems to be unstable beyond the repeat.