Monoclonal antibodies to monkey brain choline acetyltransferase: production and immunohistochemistry

Two monoclonal antibodies to monkey brain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were obtained. Immunoblot analysis indicated that both antibodies revealed two adjacent protein bands on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ChAT was demonstrated immunohistochemically by one of the antibodies in the motoneurons in the monkey brainstem and spinal cord. This antibody also revealed ChAT-positive terminal-like structures in the neuropils of lamina IX of the cervical spinal cord and interpeduncular nucleus.     

Suppression of allergic inflammation by the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3

Prostaglandins, including PGD(2) and PGE(2), are produced during allergic reactions. Although PGD(2) is an important mediator of allergic responses, aspirin-like drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis are generally ineffective in allergic disorders, suggesting that another prostaglandin-mediated pathway prevents the development of allergic reactions. Here we show that such a pathway may be mediated by PGE(2) acting at the prostaglandin E receptor EP3. Mice lacking EP3 developed allergic inflammation that was much more pronounced than that in wild-type mice or mice deficient in other prostaglandin E receptor subtypes. Conversely, an EP3-selective agonist suppressed the inflammation. This suppression was effective when the agonist was administered 3 h after antigen challenge and was associated with inhibition of allergy-related gene expression. Thus, the PGE(2)-EP3 pathway is an important negative modulator of allergic reactions.     

Age-related changes of J-chain-positive cells in chickens

Localizations of J-chain-positive cells (JPC) were examined in chicken lymphatic tissues before and after hatching. The cells containing J chain were first detected in medullary areas of the bursa of FABRICIUS during the embryonic stage. These positive cells were partly detected in the developing small lymphatic follicles: perhaps on newly differentiating precursor B-cells. In addition to these lymphatic follicles, connective tissue of bursal fold were also detected as J-chain positive. Although similar localizations of JPC were again observed in hatched chickens, positive areas of follicular medulla were strongly stained for fluorescence with corresponding antisera than that of embryonic ones. These data may reflect differences in the physiology of lymphocytes in respect to functional development. JPC localizations were next compared between the B-cell subpopulations, mu-(microPC) and alpha-chain-positive cells (alpha PC). The J-chains detectable in the IgM molecules were also found in follicular medulla. However, these follicles were almost found to be negative for J-chains detectable in the alpha PC before hatching. Any strong stainings for J-chain in the alpha PC were, moreover, not be observed in bursa after hatching. The microPC localizations in hatched chickens were roughly equal with the pattern of JPC localization. These analyses revealed the presence of the cells having the chains of both mu and J. The results together with other recent studies further shown that bursal J-chain can be partly detected in newly differentiated lymphatic follicles lacking IgM-producing and suggest the possible presence of B-cell-differentiation sequence of Ig-J+----IgM+J+----IgA+J+.     

Three-dimensional distribution patterns of PRL,GH and ACTH cells in the house musk shrew ( Suncus murinus)

Despite a multitude of reports on the classification and distribution of anterior pituitary cells, no previous study has attempted to obtain the three-dimensional (3D) and computer-graphic distribution pattern of each cell type in the whole pituitary. Therefore, we mapped the anterior pituitary cells of the house musk shrew ( Suncus murinus) and found a distinct cellular distribution pattern. Serial horizontal sections of whole shrew pituitaries were stained immunohistochemically for prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cells. The contours of positive cells and the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes in each section were digitized for 3D visualization by a volume rendering method. The reconstructed images and virtual frontal and sagittal slices were examined in detail. On the 3D reconstructed images, the PRL and GH cells had similar distribution patterns, although the former were concentrated in the dorsolateral and ventrocentral portions, and the latter in the dorsocentral portions of the anterior lobe. On both sides of the pituitary stalk, there lay portions that were conspicuous by scarcity of PRL and GH cells. ACTH cells were widely scattered throughout the whole anterior lobe, but they were very few in the above portions and the dorsocentral portions where GH cells were concentrated. No sex difference in the distribution patterns of each cell type was observed. However, PRL cells in females were more numerous than in males, whereas the opposite was true for GH and ACTH cells. We discuss the relationship between the formation of the spatial distribution patterns and anterior pituitary ontogeny.     

A digest of the Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline for Nephrotic Syndrome 2020

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology -     

Adjuvant heparinization before manipulation of artery reduces early failure in primary arteriovenous fistula for end-stage renal disease patients

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology - Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most preferred vascular access for hemodialysis patients, and early failure of AVF is one of the most avoidable...     

Aversive taste stimuli increase CGRP levels in the gustatory insular cortex of the rat

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) was surveyed immunohistochemically in the insular cortex of the rat, and the levels of insular cortical CGRP-IR were measured with the radioimmunoassay method following intraoral stimulation with various taste stimuli. CGRP-IR was localized in nerve fibers within the agranular and dysgranular insular cortices. The CGRP-IR levels in the rostral (gustatory) part of the insular cortex were increased significantly by strongly aversive taste stimuli such as quinine hydrochloride and conditioned taste stimuli (NaCl and sucrose) which animals had been taught to avoid. The results suggest that CGRP in the gustatory insular cortex is concerned with rejection or avoidance behaviors to aversive taste stimuli.     

New oily agents for targeting chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: The evaluation of new oily agents for targeting chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Five types of oily preparation were injected into the hepatic artery of 54 rabbits inoculated with VX2 carcinoma cells in order to evaluate (1) the safety of these preparations, (2) their histologic distribution and the amount of agents remaining at tumor sites, and (3) computed tomographic (CT) images obtained. Of these preparations, three were made by mixing non-iodinated poppy seed oil and a thickener and then adjusted to have a viscosity lower than, equal to, or higher than that of lipiodol. A fourth preparation was a mixture of lipiodol and a thickener with a higher viscosity than lipiodol alone, and the fifth preparation was lipiodol alone. RESULTS: (1) No injury to the hepatic parenchyma was observed hematologically or histologically. (2) With increase in the viscosity, a significantly larger amount of agent remained at the tumor site. No agent was present at normal sites 14 days after intraarterial injection, regardless of which preparation was given. (3) On CT scans following intraarterial injection, tumor cells were visibly deeply stained in the non-iodinated preparation groups, while the lipiodol groups were not evaluable because of excessively high attenuation. CONCLUSION: The non-iodinated oily preparations and highly viscous oily preparations developed in the present study were more useful than lipiodol for treatment of hepatic tumors.     

No survival benefit from combined pancreaticosplenectomy and total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: It remains unknown whether extended surgery improves the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer. This study was a review of combined pancreaticosplenectomy with total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. METHODS: The clinicopathological details of 190 patients who underwent combined pancreaticosplenectomy with total gastrectomy between 1969 and 1996 were compared retrospectively with those of 206 patients who underwent total gastrectomy with splenectomy alone. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the survival rate when pancreaticosplenectomy was added to total gastrectomy. The mortality rate was similar, but the morbidity rate was higher in patients who had pancreaticosplenectomy. Six patients who had direct pancreatic invasion and two thought to have involved lymph nodes along the splenic artery survived for more than 5 years after operation. In the latter group, the metastatic lymph nodes along the splenic artery could have been resected without pancreatectomy. CONCLUSION: Since a combined pancreaticosplenectomy adds no survival advantage to total gastrectomy for gastric cancer, this procedure should no longer be regarded as routine.     

3D-CT cystography of submucosal elevated lesion of the bladder: report of two cases

We report 2 cases of rare inflammatory disease of the bladder arising from the bladder submucosa: eosinophilic cystitis in a 33-year-old woman and inflammatory pseudotumor of the bladder in a 41-year-old man. 3D-CT cystography demonstrated submucosal tumorous lesions clearly and enabled the evaluation of mucosae of lesions especially showed the bridging fold-like appearance of the submucosal tumorous lesion in eosinophilic cystitis.