Key changes in denervated muscles and their impact on regeneration and reinnervation

The neuromuscular junction becomes progressively less receptive to regenerating axons if nerve repair is delayed for a long period of time. It is difficult to ascertain the denervated muscle＇s residual receptivity by time alone. Other sensitive markers that closely correlate with the extent of denervation should be found. After a denervated muscle develops a fibrillation potential, muscle fiber conduction velocity, muscle fiber diameter, muscle wet weight, and maximal isometric force all decrease; remodeling increases neuromuscular junction fragmentation and plantar area, and expression of myogenesis-related genes is initially up-regulated and then down-regulated. All these changes correlate with both the time course and degree of denervation. The nature and time course of these denervation changes in muscle are reviewed from the literature to explore their roles in assessing both the degree of detrimental changes and the potential success of a nerve repair. Fibrillation potential amplitude, muscle fiber conduction velocity, muscle fiber diameter, mRNA expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor could all reflect the severity and length of denervation and the receptiveness of denervated muscle to regenerating axons, which could possibly offer an important clue for surgical choices and predict the outcomes of delayed nerve repair.     

Biomechanical investigation of titanium elastic nail prebending for treating diaphyseal long bone fractures

This study numerically investigated the deformation of titanium elastic nails prebent at various degrees during implantation into the intramedullary canal of fractured bones and the mechanism by which this prebending influenced the stability of the fractured bone. Three degrees of prebending the implanted portions of the nails were used: equal to, two times, and three times the diameter of the intramedullary canal. Furthermore, a simulated diaphyseal fracture with a 5-mm gap was created in the middle shaft portion of the bone fixed with two elastic nails in a double C-type configuration. End caps were simulated using a constraint equation. To confirm that the simulation process is able to present the mechanical response of the nail inside the intramedullary, an experiment was conducted by using sawbone for validation. The results indicated that increasing the degrees of nail prebending facilitated straightening the nails against the inner aspect of canal after implantation, with increase in stability under torsion. Furthermore, reducing nail prebending caused a larger portion of the nails to move closer to the loading site and center of bone after implantation; the use of end caps prevented the nail tips from collapsing and increased axial stability. End cap use was critical for preventing the nail tips from collapsing and for increasing the stability of the nails prebent at a degree equal to the diameter of the canal with insufficient frictional force between the nail and canal. Therefore, titanium elastic nail prebending in a double C-type configuration with a degree three times the diameter of the canal represents a superior solution for treating transverse fractures without a gap, whereas that with a degree equal to the diameter of the intramedullary canal and combined with end cap use represents an advanced solution for treating comminuted fractures in a diaphyseal long bone fracture.     

精益六西格玛管理法在提高24 h尿液标本留取合格率中的应用

目的　提高患者24 h尿液标本留取合格率，明确诊断，及时治疗，提高患者满意度。方法　本研究采用前瞻性研究，于2021年1月至12月，在广州中医药大学第二临床医学院芳村医院内分泌科选取需要留取24 h尿液标本检验的患者。对照组为2021年1—5月50例住院患者，观察组为2021年6—12月53例住院患者。对照组男30例，女20例，年龄（57.30±12.88）岁，病程（5.78±4.82）年；观察组男30例，女23例，年龄（58.00±12.19）岁，病程（6.83±5.76）年。对照组采用常规方法，观察组采用精益六西格玛管理体系，使用DMAIC（define， measure， analyze， improve， control）循环，即界定、测量、分析、改进、控制5个阶段构成的过程，改进方法进行项目推进，同时利用鱼骨图工艺改进工具，优化24 h尿液标本的留取流程，并对全过程进行有效监控。比较两组患者留尿时间正确率、标本污染率、标本量不足率、记录尿量正确率、护士规范宣教率、满意度。采用χ²检验、Fisher确切概率法、独立样本t检验。结果　对照组留尿时间正确率为90.00%（45/50），观察组留尿时间正确率为100.00%（53/53），差异有统计学意义（P=0.024）；对照组记录尿量正确率为90.00%（45/50），观察组记录尿量正确率为100.00%（53/53），差异有统计学意义（P=0.024）。调查患者的满意度，实施前后均调查50人，患者总体满意度评分由实施前的（3.86±0.57）分提升为实施后的（4.20±0.45）分，实施前后结果比较，差异有统计学意义（t=3.310，P=0.001）。结论　基于精益六西格玛管理，24 h尿液标本留取流程取得了较好的改进效果，能提升护理服务质量和患者满意度，得出一套适用于医院推广和借鉴的留取24 h尿液标本的优化流程。     

食品中非法添加和滥用化学染料的分析研究

建立了食品中碱性黄、碱性嫩黄、碱性橙II、酸性橙II、罗丹明B、对位红、苏丹类1-4号11种有机染料的高效液相色谱分析方法。在0.2-10μg/mL的浓度范围内线性相关系数良好,相关系数范围为0.9996-0.9999,检测限0.05μg/mL。该方法涉及的化学试剂少,操作简便,结果准确。对阳性样品进一步采用液质联用技术确证。     

Letter to editor ‘Gastroenteropathy in gastric cancer patients concurrent with diabetes mellitus’

The present letter to the editor is related to the study titled “Diabetic gastroenteropathy: An underdiagnosed complication”. Diabetic gastroenteropathy contributes to a decline in quality of life. In addition, gastroenteropathy is generally observed in patients with concurrent gastric cancer and diabetes mellitus before surgery, and the occurrence of the symptoms might be due not only to cancer but also to the complications of diabetes mellitus.     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管下段结石伴感染的临床体会

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管下段结石伴有感染的安全性、有效性及实用性。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2019年6月我科收治的6例诊断为嵌顿性输尿管下段结石伴有感染的病例资料,其中4例术前行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗失败,2例术前尿培养阳性且伴有发热,尿常规WBC均为++~+++,均采用后腹腔镜下输尿管下段结石切开取石术,记录其手术时间、术后肠功能恢复时间、总住院天数及相关并发症。结果6例患者行经腹膜后腹腔镜下输尿管下段结石切开取石术均获得成功,无一例中转经腹入路腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石或开放手术。手术时间为55~100 min(平均82.5 min);术后肠功能恢复时间为1~2 d(平均1.7 d),总住院时间7~13 d(平均8.5 d)。其中1例术后拔除尿管后出现腰痛、发热,考虑为前列腺增生、尿潴留、尿液返流所致尿外渗,予保留导尿后症状消失。随访时间3~12个月,均无结石复发、输尿管狭窄等严重并发症。结论经后腹腔入路腹腔镜输尿管下段切开取石术安全可行,创伤小、恢复快,尤其适用于伴感染的输尿管结石患者,值得临床推广,但对术者的腹膜后解剖及腔镜技术提出了更高要求。     

功能性单心室全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术后管理

目的:探讨全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(total cavopulmonany correction,TCPC)治疗功能性单心室的术后管理经验。方法:2012年1月~2013年6月我院共行TCPC手术60(男43,女17)例;年龄(5.5±1.7)岁,体质量(18±4)kg。术前脉搏血氧饱和度(80±7)%,血色素(181±17)g/L。术前射血分数(EF)(64±7)%,平均肺动脉指数(371±234)mm2/m2,Mcgoon比(2.2±0.7),术前平均肺动脉压(12±4)mm Hg。60例患者均在全身麻醉、体外循环并行辅助下手术,5例因同期行心内畸形矫治需阻断主动脉。心外管道为直径18~22 mm Gore-tex血管,术毕开窗25例(42%)。为保证患者术后顺利恢复,治疗方面必须注意以下几点:1降低肺血管阻力。2保证足够的容量负荷。3增加心肌收缩力。4控制心律失常。5妥善处理胸腔积液。6术后常规抗凝。结果:患者住院期间有2例(3%)死亡。55例并行循环手术患者体外循环时间(112±52)min。5例患者需要停循环修补心内畸形,主动脉阻断时间30~52 min。呼吸机使用时间(19±6)h。术后住ICU时间(5.1±2.1)d。术后胸液引流时间(15±12)d。术后住院天数(24±12)d。本组患者术后10例出现低心排综合征。5例出现急性肾功能衰竭,行腹膜透析或血液滤过治疗,其中2例死亡,余治愈出院。20例出现顽固性胸腔积液(胸引时间大于2周),25例乳糜试验阳性,1例患儿出现蛋白丢失性肠病,最终并发肺部感染死亡。4例术后出现心律失常,心律表现为短阵房性心动过速,交界性心动过速等,其中1例难以矫治的室上性心动过速导致低心排、多脏器衰竭、死亡。10例并发术后肺部感染。所有存活患儿术后腔静脉压力下降明显[(12±4)mm Hg vs.(9±3)mm Hg,P0.05],氧饱和度改善明显[(80±7)%vs.(97±4)%,P0.01],血色素恢复正常[(181±17)g/L vs.(125±29)g/L,P0.01]。结论:根据TCPC术后病理生理的改变,制定合理的治疗方案,可提高TCPC术后成功率和减少术后并发症。