Cellular and molecular analyses of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted and non-MHC-restricted effector cells recognizing renal cell carcinomas: problems and perspectives for immunotherapy

 Renal cell carcinomas belong to the small group of tumors that are able to induce antitumor responses. Here we describe two general types of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes that can eliminate autologous tumor cells and discuss the role that major histocompatibility complex encoded molecules play in governing their specificities. Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of renal cell carcinoma recognition opens new avenues of research with the potential to develop better immunotherapies for patients with metastatic disease. Received: 24 July 1996 / Accepted: 1 November 1996     

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in mice

The loomotor activity of male mice (Mus musculus) was monitored by infrared photoelectric beams under three lighting regimens: LD (12 h of light and 12 h of dark), DD (constant dark), and LL (constant broad-spectrum light, 10 lux). Circadian period of locomotor activioty (τ) was compared among 3 inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J (B6), BALB/c (C), and DBA/2J (D2), and 26 recombinant inbred strains B×D (B6×D2). the τ under both continuous low-intensity light and continuous darkenss varied significantly among strains. Under DD the mean τ was 23.8 h for B6, 23.7 h for D2, and 23.6 h for C. Under LL the mean τ was 25.1 for B6, 23.9 h for D2, and 25.5 h for C. Frequency histograms of the mean τ of 26B×D RI mouse strains (three to seven animals per strain) in either DD or LL and the difference between them, Δτ, had distributions which appeared unimodal, suggesting polygenic inheritances. The narrow-sense heritability determined using 26 strains of B×D RI mice was about 55% for τ and about 38% for both τ in LL and Δτ. An estimated four loci contribute to the variance of τ in constant darkness and five to the variance of τ in constant low-intensity light among the strains studied. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified several potential genetic loci associated with τ in constant darkness, τ in constant low-intensity light, and Δτ. The associations of highest probability for each of these traits were theD1Nds4 locus (p<0.001) on mouse chromosome 1, theD5Ncvs52 locus (p<.05) on mouse chromosome 5, and thePmv12 locus (p<.01) at 70 cM on mouse chromosome 5, respectively. A QTL identified for τ was associated (p<.05) with theD2NDS1 marker at 45 cM on chromsome 2 near the Ea 6 marker at 46 cM associated (p<.05) with that reported for the period of wheel running activity in seven C×B RI strains (Schwartz, W. J., and Zimmerman, P.,J. Neurosci. 10:3685 1990).     

大鼠舌咽和迷走神经感觉神经节内P2X_2、P2X_3受体与calretinin和IB4结合位点的共存

应用免疫组织化学荧光三标方法结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术研究了大鼠舌咽和神经迷走神经感觉神经节内ATP受体P2X2、P2X3与calretinin、植物凝集素(IB4)结合位点的共存。结果显示:舌咽和迷走神经感觉神经节内可见大量P2X2、P2X3阳性的神经元胞体和纤维,P2X2受体阳性细胞多为大、中、小型神经元,P2X3阳性细胞多为中、小型神经元;可见较多的P2X2/IB4及P2X3/IB4双标神经元。有(91.1±4.7)%(结状神经节)、(78.8±2.4)%(岩神经节)、(76.8±2.7)%(颈静脉神经节)为P2X2阳性细胞;(77.0±3.2)%(结状神经节)、(91.2±3.9)%(岩神经节)、(78.4±3.6)%(颈静脉神经节)的P2X3阳性细胞结合IB4;有8.9±1.6%(结状神经节)、7.7±1.4%(岩神经节)、9.1±1.1%(颈静脉神经节)的P2X2阳性细胞呈calretinin阳性;三神经节内均观察到少量P2X2/calretinin/IB4三标细胞。P2X3/calretinin双标或P2X3/calretinin/IB4三标神经元数量较少。这些结果提示,舌咽和迷走神经感觉神经节内ATP受体P2X2、P2X3与IB4结合位点存在广泛的共存,部分P2X2受体与calretinin存在着共存。     

Pancreatic pseudocysts drained through a percutaneous transgastric approach

We describe a new method for the percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using a transgastric approach. We used this technique in three dogs and six patients for whom no other "safe" access route was available. The procedures were performed under US guidance alone or with US combined with fluoroscopy. No complications were observed.     

Brain abscess. A study of 45 consecutive cases

Clinical features, findings of diagnostic studies, results of therapy, and prognostic factors were analyzed in 45 patients with brain abscesses. The number of patients diagnosed yearly has increased since CT scanning became available, but despite the enhanced sensitivity, the time from either onset of symptoms or hospital admission until initiation of therapy was not decreased and there was no dramatic effect upon morbidity or mortality in this series. Infections of paranasal sinuses, ears, lungs, and odontogenic foci were predisposing factors in approximately 70% of cases. Single abscesses, present in 75% of patients, were distributed equally in both hemispheres, with more than half in the frontal and parietal lobes. Common signs and symptoms included headache, fever, chills, seizures, nausea, vomiting, altered sensorium, nuchal rigidity, and localizing neurologic signs. Blood cultures were positive in 11%. Lumbar puncture rarely provided data from which a diagnosis could be established; CSF cultures were positive in only 7% of patients, and there was a 15% temporally associated incidence of brain herniation and death. Diagnostic information was most readily obtained using imaging techniques such as CT and 99mTc scanning, and arteriography was invasive and of no added value. CT scans are however, often initially negative in patients presenting with clinical signs of meningitis presumably following rupture of an abscess into the subarachnoid space, and the average time for changes to appear on CT scan is 9 days. It is, therefore, recommended that when the clinical assessment suggests the possibility of brain abscess the patient be treated empirically with antibiotics and that lumbar puncture be performed only after thoughtful assessment of the risk-to-benefit ratio for each patient. Causative organisms were isolated from more than 80% of abscesses despite prior antibiotic treatment; more than half grew a single pathogen, most commonly streptococci. Anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria accounted for 62% of all isolates, and were the only organisms in 33% of patients. Computerized tomographic scans in 30 patients showed "ring-enhancing" lesions, nodular enhancement, or areas of low attenuation. Complete resolution of abscesses on CT scans rarely occurred during hospitalization and took as long as 5 months. Decrease in the size of abscesses on CT scan correlated well with clinical improvement and was seen within a week when abscesses were excised, but was often not obvious for 6 to 8 weeks if antibiotics were used alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Internet网上细胞凋亡研究的信息资源及其利用

0　引言　 Internet网上含有丰富的信息资源 ,科研人员可以通过 Internet网了解其所研究领域的最新发展动态 ,获取全面和系统的科研信息 ,有利于进行学术交流[1 ] .然而网上信息浩如烟海 ,当检索某一专门领域的资料时 ,有时无从下手 .我们在科研实践中对 Internet网上主要的细胞凋亡研究信息资源及其查找方法进行了归纳 .1　细胞凋亡专业网站1. 1　 The Cell death society (http:/ / www.celldeath-apoptosis.org)　为美国细胞死亡学会主办 ,概括了细胞凋亡和程序性细胞死亡研究的各个领域 ,包括与细胞凋亡有关的各种疾病 .可以免费注册…     

Intraperitoneal Versus Interpleural Morphine or Bupivacaine for Pain after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: Opioids can produce peripheral analgesic effects by activation of opioid receptors on sensory nerves. This study was designed (1) to examine a novel route of opioid administration, the intraperitoneal injection; (2) to compare this to interpleural application, and (3) to compare opioid with local anesthetic effects under both conditions.

Methods: At the end of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 110 patients received the following injections in a double-blind, randomized manner: Group 1 (n = 18) was given intraperitoneal morphine (1 mg in 20 ml saline) and 20 ml intravenous saline. Group 2 (n = 17) received intraperitoneal saline and 1 mg intravenous morphine. Group 3 (n = 15) received 20 ml 0.25% intraperitoneal bupivacaine and intravenous saline. Group 4 (n = 20) received interpleural morphine (1.5 mg in 30 ml saline) and 30 ml intravenous saline. Group 5 (n = 20) received interpleural saline and 1.5 mg intravenous morphine. Group 6 (n = 20) received 30 ml 0.25% interpleural bupivacaine and intravenous saline. Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale, a numeric rating scale, and the McGill pain questionnaire. Pain localization, supplemental analgesic consumption, vital signs, and side effects were recorded for 24 h.

Results: Neither intraperitoneal nor interpleural morphine produced significant analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (P > 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test), whereas interpleural bupivacaine was effective (P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test, up to 6 h postoperatively) but not intraperitoneal bupivacaine (P > 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). Shoulder pain was not prevalent in the majority of patients during the first 6 h. By 24 h, about half of the patients complained of shoulder pain, which was rated "low" by about one-third of all patients. No significant side effects occurred.     

Coagulative interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia: online imaging with a T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR sequence--experience in six patients

PURPOSE: To determine if hypointense lesions clearly outline on T2-weighted fast spin-echo (SE) magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained during coagulative interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) of a prostate with benign hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In six patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 12 LITT treatments were followed online with repetitive axial T2-weighted fast SE imaging (repetition time, 3,700 msec; echo time, 138 msec; acquisition time, 19 seconds). Development, time course, correlation with interstitial tissue temperature, and diameters of hypointense lesions around the laser diffusor tip were investigated. Lesion diameters on T2-weighted images acquired during LITT were compared with diameters of final lesions on T2-weighted images and unperfused lesions on enhanced T1-weighted SE images obtained at the end of therapy. RESULTS: Hypointense lesions developed within 20-40 seconds of LITT. Average correlation coefficients between interstitial temperature development and signal intensity development were 0.92 during LITT and 0.90 after LITT. Regression slopes were significantly steeper during LITT (0.67% signal intensity change per degree Celsius) than after LITT (0.47% per degree Celsius; P = .038). Lesions remained visible after LITT for all procedures. Average maximum diameters of lesions were 1-3 mm larger during LITT than after LITT (P = .0006-.019). CONCLUSION: Repetitive T2-weighted fast SE MR imaging during interstitial coagulative LITT of BPH demonstrates the development of permanent hypointense prostate lesions. However, posttherapeutic lesion diameters tend to be overestimated during LITT.     

Condylomata acuminata und HIV-Infektionen

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