胶原诱导型关节炎模型大鼠血浆血管内皮生长因子与肿瘤坏死因子α表达及反应停的干预效应

目的:观察胶原诱导型关节炎大鼠病程及致病过程中两种重要炎性因子血管内皮生长因子与肿瘤坏死因子α在反应停干预后的影响。方法:实验于2006-01/07在河北医科大学第二医院完成。成年雄性Wistar大鼠112只,体质量140～160g,随机数字表法分为为正常对照组、单纯造模组、反应停治疗组和甲氨蝶呤治疗组,每组28只。除正常对照组外,其余3组多点皮内注射Ⅱ型胶原与完全弗氏佐剂的乳化剂,诱导出关节炎模型。正常对照组作为阴性对照组每只大鼠背部及尾根部多点皮内注射等量的生理盐水。从免疫后第10天开始,正常对照组和单纯造模组大鼠给予蒸馏水0.5mL/(只·d)灌胃;反应停治疗组给予反应停200mg/(kg·d)灌胃;甲氨蝶呤治疗组给予甲氨蝶呤2.7mg/(kg·周)灌胃。测定造模后7,14,21,28,35,42,60d不同时间点各组大鼠的足爪厚度、血浆肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子的水平,进行统计学分析。结果:纳入大鼠112只,均进入结果分析。①各组大鼠足爪肿胀程度:实验前各组大鼠之间足爪厚度无显著差异[(5.47±0.14),(5.33±0.10),(5.92±0.24),(5.35±0.23)mm,P>0.05]。与正常对照组比较,单纯造模组、反应停治疗组及甲氨蝶呤治疗组大鼠足爪厚度均于造模后7d开始增高,21d左右达到肿胀高峰,差异有显著性意义[7d:(5.42±0.24),(5.81±0.15),(6.59±0.31),(5.54±0.33)mm;21d:(5.73±0.23),(10.78±0.53),(9.82±0.34),(10.37±0.57)mm,P<0.01]②各组大鼠血浆肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子水平及两者关系:实验前各组血浆肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子水平均无显著差异[(2.351±0.208),(2.331±0.213),(2.280±0.171),(2.283±0.125)nmol/L;(1.807±0.094),(1.811±0.099),(1.819±0.101),(1.813±0.090)nmol/L;P>0.05],与正常对照组相比,单纯造模组、反应停治疗组及甲氨蝶呤治疗组大鼠两者水平于造模后7d开始增高,差异具有显著性意义[(2.245±0.234),(2.450±0.026),(2.419±0.069),(2.467±0.032)nmol/L;(1.803±0.099),(2.024±0.049),(2.017±0.101),(2.055±0.056)nmol/L;P<0.05]。两者水平呈直线相关。结论:反应停可以降低关节炎模型大鼠血浆肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子浓度,可以有效减轻其足爪肿胀程度,疗效与甲氨蝶呤相同。     

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,THROMBOEMBOLISM AND ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY

Atrial fibrillation is the commonest sustained disorder of cardiac rhythm and is associated with increased risk of stroke and thromboembolic events. Warfarin (dose-adjusted to a target INR of 2.0-3.0) has been well established to reduce this risk of stroke by 68% (95% CI 50-79%), while aspirin provides a risk reduction of 21% (95% CI 0-38%). Nevertheless, warfarin confers a risk of bleeding and the inconvenience of regular monitoring checks, while aspirin seems effective only for certain low-risk subgroups. Thus there have been strenuous efforts to improve thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation, by using low-intensity anticoagulation regimens, combination antiplatelet therapy and refinement of risk stratification strategies. Attempts at using a low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin regimen have, however, been disappointing. For now, a strategy of risk stratification should be adopted to identify highest risk patients with atrial fibrillation who would benefit from anticoagulation.     

Cost Analysis of Laparoscopic Low Anterior Resection vs. Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Rectal Neoplasms

Despite the increasing application of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for rectal lesions, the cost of the equipment may play a role in a hospital’s hesitancy to invest in the platform. This study compares the cost of TEM to laparoscopic low anterior resection (LAR). Patients who underwent laparoscopic LAR (n = 24) for rectal neoplasm between 2006 and 2014 were case-matched based on sex, age, comorbidities, lesion size and location to patients who underwent TEM at a busy secondary care urban hospital. Procedure-related costs and costs associated with readmissions for complications and related subsequent surgeries in the first 3 years were calculated. There were 42 hospital admissions for 24 LAR patients, totalling 326 hospital days. For 24 TEM patients, there were 25 hospital admissions, totalling 56 hospital days. Subsequent operations for LAR patients included 2 washout and diverting ileostomies (8%), 2 adhesionolysis (8%), 4 ventral hernia repairs (16%) and 11 ileostomy reversals (46%). In the TEM group, there was one operation for recurrence (4%). The mean cost of LAR, including all related hospital costs in the subsequent 3 years, was CAD 14,851 (95% CI: CAD 10,124–19,579). The mean cost of TEM was CAD 2449 (95% CI: CAD 2133–2767; p < 0.0001), with a savings of CAD 12,402 per patient. TEM for rectal neoplasm is associated with significantly lower hospital costs, which far outweigh the costs of acquiring and maintaining the technology.